1870. ] PRESTWICH—NORFOLK CRAG. 283 
wich Crag being more recent than the Red Crag, and its shells 
of an arctic or more northern kind. Tellina balthica he regarded as 
significant of brackish-water conditions. Actwon Now, a charac- 
teristic shell of the Red and Norwich Crag, had been found fossil by 
Prof. Steenstrup in Iceland. 
Sir Cuarztes Lystt had been struck with the similarity of the 
beds at Chillesford and at Aldeby, in which also the shells, though 
40 in one case and 70 in the other, were very similar in character ; 
but in neither was Tellina balthica found, though common in the 
glacial beds. He called attention to the condition of the shells as 
they occurred at Aldeby, and suggested that where the two shells of 
a bivalve were found in contact, they would probably afford some 
evidence whether they were derivative or not. 
Mr. Seartes V. Woop, Jun., was inclined to differ to a large ex- 
tent from the author, especially with regard to the beds above the 
Chillesford clay. The sands containing Tellina balthica he placed 
as the lowest member of the glacial series ; the fauna they contain is 
different from that of the Chillesford bed. He regarded the sand- 
beds at Kessingland as above the lower Boulder-clay and contorted 
Drift of Cromer, and considered that it might be traced as occu- 
pying this position along a great part of the coast of Norfolk. He 
_ had, in company with Mr. Harmer, surveyed a great part of the 
Norfolk and Suffolk district, and they intended to place their maps 
and sections at the disposal of the Geological Society. He recom- 
mended that any examination of the country should commence from 
the east rather than from the west. 
Mr. Bory Dawxrns, speaking of the fossil mammalia of the Crag, 
mentioned that, at the base of the Crag at Horstead, immediately on 
the Chalk, was a bed exhibiting an old land-surface, and in this 
were found the principal perfect mammalian remains, whereas in 
the Crag above they were waterworn. But though these bones oc- 
curred in the marine deposit, the animals had lived on the land, and 
there was no evidence but that they belonged to a much earlier 
period than that at which it was submerged. He thought that the 
facies of the Cervidee found at Horstead was that of an early Pliocene 
age. The mammals of the London Clay had in some cases become 
confounded with those of the Suffolk Crag; but these he regarded 
also as belonging to an old Pliocene land-surface. He differed from 
the author in not regarding the forest-bed as Quaternary, as the re- 
mains of Rhinoceros etruscus, Ursus arvernensis, and Elephas mert- 
dionalis, &e. had occurred in it in many cases in fine condition. He 
could see no reason for splitting up the Cainozoic series into four 
divisions, as there was no break in the life between the Tertiary and 
Quaternary periods. Though there might be a break in England, 
the forms of life were continuous from the Miocene of Pikermi on 
the Continent. 
The Prustpent suggested that if we were to admit a Quaternary 
period we must go back to the Miocene, as the mammalian fauna of 
that period was the direct ancestor of that of the present day. 
Mr. Prustrwicn, in reply, remarked that he did not quite agree 
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