432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Apr. 13, 
p- 190). The Chalicotherian fossils are said to be in this latter 
state ; but both bone and dentine of the original specimens in the 
British Museum are more mineralized and discoloured by the matrix 
than is the tooth from China here described. 
The correspondence, in colour, chemical condition, matrix, and 
cavernous locality, of the tooth of Chalicotherium simense with those 
of Bovine and other Ruminants, of Hyzna, Rhinoceros, and Tapir, 
which are alleged, and with every. appearance of truth, to be 
from the same cave, supports the inference of a correspondence of 
geological age in regard to the introduction therein of the indi- 
viduals of those genera and families which have yielded the remains 
now described. If the Anoplotherioid molar had not been in the 
series, such series would have been referred, without hesitation, to 
a geological period not older than Upper Pliocene, and with a pos- 
sibility of Postpliocene age. 
I accept the evidence of the majority of the fossils, with the older 
alternative, and conclude that this particular anoplotherioid Artiodac- 
tyle which has departed from the generalized character of the type- 
genus by the suppression of a premolar on each side of both jaws, 
and the commencement of a diastema or break in the dental series, 
continued to exist in China until the pliocene division of tertiary 
time, perhaps to a late period of that division. 
I may remark that the Chalicotherian modification has not hitherto 
been found in older tertiary deposits than miocene. It indicates 
the course or characters of derivative change in the Artiodactyle 
series, In a manner interestingly analogous to that shown by Anchi- 
therm and Acerotherium in the Perissodactyle series. 
In both great primary groups of hoofed Mammals this change is 
manifested, in the dental system, by arrest of development at the 
fore part of the series, especially in the upper jaw. When no teeth 
there arrive at full growth, the offensive and defensive weapons 
called horns usually make their appearance ; median and odd in the 
Perissodactyle Rhinoceros, in a pair or pairs in the Artiodactyle 
ruminants, with well-known exceptions, not, however, affecting a 
statement of general tendency. Chalicotheriwm, in the diminished size 
of the premolars, in the transverse disposition of the incisive alveoli of 
the mandible (traces of which are visible in the original of the figure 1, 
pl. 80, of the ‘ Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis’*), and in the contiguous 
small canines, makes a close scp to the Ruminant dentition, as it does 
also in the molar formula, p 3—5 = m = and in the diastema between 
these and the fore teeth. Upper canines as well as incisors failed, 
as in most Ruminants, to attain development. This view of Chali- 
cotherian modifications in the Artiodactyle series may not meet with 
general acceptance; but I think it is preferable to the notion of 
Chalicotherium having been a kind of cross between Anoplotherium 
and Lhinoceros.t 
* Originally in the Dadoopoor Collection of Messrs. Baker and Durand, and 
now in the Museum of the Marischal College, Aberdeen. 
+ Falconer characterizes the Chalicotheriwm sivalensc as ‘one of the most 
