1870:]  . LANKESTER—-NEWER TERTIARIES OF SUFFOLK. 495 
survivors from the yet earlier Diestien epoch, viz. Voluta, Cassi- 
daria, Pyrula, Chama, and others. In its later period, conditions 
had so far changed that none of these forms were remaining in the 
Red-Crag sea; and as it turned over the previous accumulations of 
shell-masses it added little thereto but boreal forms ; and it was at 
this period and in this condition of things that the Norwich-Crag 
area became also the recipient of a shelly deposit, and remained 
apparently subject to such conditions (if we may judge by the 
increase of northern forms of mollusca in its higher parts) until a 
later period than we have evidence of in Suffolk, and when the 
arctic tendency of the fauna had become still more pronounced. 
The Scaldisien beds, or Yellow Crag of Antwerp, do not bear evi- 
dence of quite so late a date as that of the newer element of the 
Red Crag of Suffolk and its equivalent in Norfolk. It appears to be 
entirely homotaxial with the earlier element of the Red Crag and 
the Coralline Crag. A closer examination of the Scaldisien fauna 
would be valuable at the present time. 
The occurrence of large and remarkably perfect specimens of 
Voluta Lamberti, Cassidaria bicatenata, and Atractodon elegans on 
the beach at Felixstow in former years, together with hundreds of 
specimens of Turritella unbricataria, has never been satisfactorily 
accounted for. The destruction of Crag beds on the coast does not 
appear to be sufficient to have furnished so many specimens, 
although it is to be remembered that the whole of the Red Crag 
once existing at Harwich has disappeared beneath the sea. It does 
not seem improbable that these remarkable beach-specimens are the 
remnants of the Crag deposit which extended once towards the 
present Belgian coast, and which long since imbedded among other 
débris in the accumulations of the German Ocean, have now, by 
some change of current, been thrown up on the shore line. 
The question as to what may be the relation of the Suffolk bone- 
bed and its contents to the Norfolk stone-bed and its contents is one 
of considerable interest and difficulty. They have this in common, 
that they contain the detached molars of Mastodon arvernensis; but 
the Norfolk bed also contains teeth of Hlephas meridionalis, whilst 
no Elephant has ever been found in the Suffolk bone-bed*. The 
Suffolk bed contains phosphatized lumps of Kocene clay, with included 
mammalian, reptilian, piscine, molluscan, and crustacean remains 
of that age, also nodules of sandstone (called ‘“ box-stones”) con- 
taining Diestien Mollusca, Sharks, and Cetacea, the bones and teeth 
of which also occur in a rolled and polished state; thirdly, teeth of 
Tthinoceros Schleiermachert, of Tapirus priscus, of a peculiar Hyena, 
of Hipparion, of a Trilophodont Mastodon, and of other terrestrial 
Mammals. None of these things have been found in the Norfolk bed ; 
* After the reading of this paper, Mr. Gunn exhibited a fragment of an 
Elephas molar found in a Red-Crag pit. I have a very fine specimen of the 
kind, and others have been recorded and deceived the late Dr. Falconer. It is 
easy at once to decide from their mineral condition that these specimens do not 
come from the Suffolk bone-bed at all, but from the large mass of overlying 
sandy strata, 
