TYETZE.——FAUNA OF THE CULM. 15 
The Brachiopoda, as usual in the Carboniferous Limestone, are the 
most abundantly represented class, the genera Productus and Spirifer 
being especially rich. The author mentions as abundant species, 
Spirifer striatus, Mart., S. rotundatus, Mart., S. glaber, Mart., S. 
hneatus, Mart., Spirigera Roissy, Leveillé, S. planosulcata (expansa), 
Phil., Chonetes papilionacea, Phil., Productus giganteus, Mart., P. 
latissimus, Sow., P. longispinus, Sow., P. pustulosus, Phil., P. punc- 
tatus, Mart., P. fimbriatus, Sow., P. sublevis, Kon., and P. mesolobus, 
Phil. Other species noticed are Lingula mytiloides, Sow., Orbicula 
concentrica, Kon., O. nitida, Phil., Rhynchonella pleurodon, Phil., R. 
pugnus, Mart., and f. papyracea, A. Rom. A few true Terchratule 
occur rarely. The only Bryozoa detected are a few badly preserved 
Fenestelle. 
The remains of Echinodermata include an Echinide described by 
Kunth some years ago, fragments of Poteriocrinus, and Cyathocrinus 
macrocheirus, M‘Coy.  Lithostrotion junceum and Cyathophyllum 
Murchison are the most abundant corals. A Receptaculites, nearly 
allied to the Upper Devonian Lt. neptuni occurs. Pentremites are 
wanting. 
The paleontological character of these limestones, especially the 
abundance and diversity of their Brachiopod fauna, indicates that 
their place is in the lower horizon of the Carboniferous formation. 
Possibly certain black shales at the upper boundary of the Culm, 
which still require to be further investigated, may correspond to the 
middle horizon of the Mountain-Limestone. They contain vegetable 
remains and Goniatites mixolobus; but Spirifer mosquensis, a cha- 
racteristic form of the middle horizon, has not yet been found in 
them. As in all places where the productive coal-measures appear 
above the Mountain-Limestone, the Musulima-beds are wanting. 
The limestones of Rothwaltersdorf, Altwasser, &c., containing Tri- 
lobites, Gasteropods, Cephalopods, and Bivalves, seem to represent a 
higher horizon than those of Neudorf-Silberberg, of which the fauna 
consists almost exclusively of Brachiopods; but the difference can 
only be of local importance, as Productus giganteus and P. latissimus 
are found in both. 
As far as Lower Silesia is concerned, the notion that the Moun- 
tain-Limestone is the marine, and the Culm the lacustrine, phase of 
the Lower Carboniferous formation, is contradicted by the facts. 
The genuine Carboniferous Limestones and those of Neudorf-Sil- 
berberg are concordant deposits in the Grauwackes with vegetable 
remains. In accordance with the above-mentioned supposition the 
deposits must have been at first lacustrine, then decidedly marine, 
then again lacustrine ; and such alternations as these could only have 
been caused by changes of level which must have disturbed the 
conformity of the stratification. But the plant-bearing Grauwackes 
have a strongly conglomerate character, especially below—a condition 
which indicates violent motion of the waters; whilst the localities in 
which truly marine forms are most abundant have the character of 
being deposited as a fine argillaceo-caleareous mud. The presence 
of Brachiopoda and of pelagic Cephalopcda excludes the notion of 
