1870. |. BROWN—PHYSICS OF ARCTIC ICE. 671 
noe midst of this deposit; and from every new grave opened there 
numbers of these shells, and more especially the first and third 
named aboye, are thrown out. The length of the whole Long Sault 
Rapids, from Long Sault Island to two miles below Cornwall at St. 
Regis Island is over eighteen miles. 
9. On the Puysics of Arcric Ick, as Expuanatory of the GuactaL 
Remains in Scortanp. By Rosert Brown, of Campster, M.A., 
Ph.D., F.R.G.S., &e. 
(Communicated by Professor Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.) 
ContEnts. 
Introduction. 
I. Glacier-system of Greenland. 
1. The Interior Ice-field. 
2. The Defluents of the Interior Ice-field. 
3. The Iceberg. 
4. The Subglacial Stream. 
5. The Moraines. 
6. Life near the Ice-fjord. 
II. Action of Sea-ice. 
Conclusions regarding the Bottom of Davis Strait. 
III. Rise and Fall of the Greenland Coast. 
1. Rise. 2. Fall. 
IV. Application of the facts regarding Arctic Ice-action as explanatory of 
Glacial and other Ice-remains in Britain. 
. The sub-Azoic Boulder-clay. 
. The Fossiliferous Brick-clays. 
. Gravel, Kaimes, &c. 
. Boulders. 
. Life in the Old Waters. 
. Inferences from Facts given. 
Conclusion. 
be 
or) 
In touching again on the subject of Arctic ice-action and Glacial 
remains in Britain, I am well aware that I am risking the stirring 
up of a hardly subsided degree of controversy most disquieting to 
the peace of mind of men unwilling to enter the lists of combatants. 
Of late years, however, the subject has received new light from the 
hypothesis, propounded first, I believe, by Agassiz’, that Scotland 
and other portions of the north of Europe were at one time covered 
with an icy mantle, and that it is to this, and not to the agency of 
floating ice, that the glacial’? markings and remains so abundantly 
scattered over our country are due. More recently still, this theory, 
at one time so violently opposed, has been brought into almost 
universal fayour by the publication of the fact that Greenland is at 
this day exactly in the condition in which Agassiz, reasoning on 
observed facts, hypothetically described North Britain to have been. 
This new start has been chiefly due to the writings of Dr. Heinrich 
1 Edin. New Phil. Journ. vol. xxxiii. p.217; Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. iii. p. 327. 
2 T use the word “Glacial” as expressing all relating to ice, on sea or land; 
while the word glacier is, of course, used in the ordinary acceptation of the term. 
