ZOOLOGICAL 



53 



flies, with rounded wings. Two species are found in Britain, namely, the 

 Large Heath (C. tiphon), and the Small Heath (C. pamphilus), 



Erebia (Map iii) is also a genus principally found in the Northern 

 Hemisphere, but possessing representatives in mountainous regions in the 

 temperate portion of South America, in South Africa, Madagascar, and 

 New Zealand. Over 70 species have been described, the great majority of 

 which are Palsearctic, while two are found in Britain. 



ScUyrus (Map iii) is a group of over 60 species, with a distribution 

 similar to that of Coenonympha, but occurring also, like Erebia, in South 

 America. Europe possesses 17 species, one of which, known as the Grayling 

 (S. semele), is common locally in Britain. 



Xenica (Map iii) is confined to the Australian Region, the majority of 

 the species, of which about a dozen have been described, being natives of 

 Southern Australia and Tasmania. 



Oeneis (Map iv) is an interesting genus, containing about 24 species, the 

 great majority of which are confined to the Arctic and Sub-arctic Regions 

 of both hemispheres. Five species occur within the limits of Europe, one 

 of which occupies an isolated area in the Alps of Switzerland and the Tyrol, 

 always on the verge of the snow-line. Two species are recorded from the 

 extreme south of South America, but according to some authors these belong 

 to a separate genus. 



Pedaliodes (Map iv) contains over 80 species, all of which are confined 

 to the Neotropical Region. 



ELYMNIID^. Plate 31, Map iv. 



This family, sometimes regarded as belonging to the Satyridse, comprises 

 about 50 rather handsome species, which are characteristic of the Oriental 

 Region. Two or three, however, are found in Western Tropical Africa, and 

 a few in the Papuan Islands. Some of the forms are close mimics of 

 Butterflies belonging to other families, while there is often considerable 

 difference in coloration between the sexes. 



LIBYTHEIDuS. Plate 31, Map v. 



The Libytheidse are a group of small Butterflies all comprised within the 

 limits of a single genus (Libythea). About 20 species are known, which 

 have a wide but very discontinuous distribution. A single species (L. celtis) 

 occurs in the South of Europe and Asia Minor, while North America claims 

 two. 



NEMEOBIIDJ3. Plate 31, Map v. 



The Neineobiidse are a group of about 50 small species of Butterflies 

 entirely confined to the Old World. About nine genera are differentiated, 

 six of which are Oriental. Only one genus (Abisara) occurs.in the Ethiopian 

 Region, and one (Remeobhis), with a single species (J¥. lucina), in Europe. 

 The latter is a native of Britain, occurring in large woods mainly in the 

 southern half of England. It is known popularly as the " Duke of Burgundy 

 Fritillary." 



EUSELASIID^E. Plate 31, Map v. 



This family is almost entirely confined to the Neotropical Region. It 

 comprises over 100 species, most of which belong to the typical genus 

 Euselasia. These Butterflies are small, with brightly coloured wings, and 

 much variety in pattern. Five genera are usually recognised. 



LEMONUM!. Plate 31, Map vi. 



The Lemoniidse are a wonderfully varied assemblage, comprising over 

 1000 species, mostly of small size. They are entirely restricted to the New 

 World, and since only about a dozen species occur in North America, they 

 may be regarded as an essentially Neotropical group. Over 80 genera have 

 been described for the reception of the prettily-coloured Butterflies of this 

 family. 



LYCiENID^E (Blues and Coppers). Plate 31, Map vi. 



The "Blues" and their relatives are an immense assemblage of mostly 

 small Butterflies, in which the colours indicated by their popular names 

 predominate. Considerably more than 2000 species have already been 

 described, and the number is being constantly increased by the discovery of 

 new forms. They are truly cosmopolitan in distribution, and are familiar 

 insects in all countries. Over 70 species occur within European limits, 

 including 17 which are natives of Britain. The Hairstreaks (genus Thecla), 

 the Blues (genus Lyese.no), and the Coppers (genus Polyommatus), may be 

 taken as typical representatives of the family. 



HESPERIID^: (Skippers). Plate 31, Map vi. 



This extensive group, comprising over 2000 species and more than 200 

 <*enera is generally regarded as the most distinct of the families of Butter- 

 flies. Indeed, it is proposed by some authors to place them in a separate Sub- 

 order between the Butterflies and the Moths, under the name of Grypocera. 

 They have a world-wide range, though not apparently found so far north as 

 the Lycaenidse. In Europe some 30 species are native, and in Britain 7. 

 North America, on the other hand, possesses about 200 species, while 

 Tropical America claims considerably more than half the known members 

 of the family. 



SECTION HETEROCERA (Moths). 



CASTNIIDjE. Plate 32, Map i. 



The members of this family are day-flying Moths, often adorned with 

 bright colours, and forming a sort of link between Moths and Butter- 

 flies. Over 100 species have been described, the great majority of which 

 belong to the typical genus Castnia, and are found in Tropical America. 

 Synemon is a genus peculiar to Australia, and containing about 20 species. 



SATURNIID.E (Emperor Moths, &c). Plate 32, Map i. 



This family is of some economic importance, since certain of its member 

 are silk-producers. The silk is usually somewhat coarse, and is known in 

 commerce as Tusser or Tussore silk, under which name it is largely used in 

 the manufacture of dress materials. About 500 species, placed in about 70 

 genera, are referred to the Saturniidse, and these have an almost universal 

 distribution. New Zealand and the Pacific Islands are, however, entirely 

 without representatives. About 30 species are found in North America, 

 and half a dozen in Europe. The Emperor Moth (Satumia pavonia) is 

 common in Britain, and is our only native representative of the family. 



BOMBYCIM (Silk Moths). Plate 32, Map i. 



The true Silk Moths, although somewhat small and unattractive in 

 appearance, are of immense importance from an economic point of view. 

 The silkworm proper [Bombyx mori) has been so long domesticated that 

 there is some doubt as to its original home. At the present day it is 

 widely cultivated in many parts of the globe, but not in Northern Europe 

 or in Britain. About 100 species, divided among some 20 or 25 genera, are 

 now referred to the family. The only one occurring in Europe is the 

 so-called Kentish Glory (Endromis versicolor), which is found locally 

 in Britain. This Moth is sometimes regarded as the type of a separate 

 family, and if so, the range of distribution as shown on the Map must be 

 considerably reduced. The only species occurring in North America is 

 Thauma ribis, which is reported from Vancouver Island. 



SPHINGIDuE (Hawk Moths). Plate 32, Map ii. 



This is a large and important family, comprising about 800 species, 

 mostly of large and striking appearance. Although found in practically all 

 parts of the world, they are essentially tropical insects, since in each of the 

 three tropical zoogeographical regions there are between 200 and 250 species, 

 while the Palsearctic and Nearctic Regions each possess only 75. In Europe, 

 31 species are native, and in Britain 16. Some of these are very striking 

 insects, e.g., the Death's-Head Moth (Acherontia atropos), the Convolvulus 

 Hawk-Moth (Sphinx convolvuli), and the Elephant Hawk-Moth (Chcerocampa 

 elpenor). The Caterpillars of the Hawk- Moths are remarkable for their 

 form and coloration. Adorned as they often are with vivid stripes or 

 spots, and furnished with a peculiar horn-like appendage on one of the 

 hinder segments of the body, they form conspicuous objects, and are of much 

 popular interest. 



NOTODONTID^ (Prominents, &c). Plate 32, Map ii. 



About 700 species and 200 genera of this family are known, which have 

 a world-wide distribution and include some well-known and interesting 

 forms. New Zealand and Polynesia are without representatives, while 

 Australia possesses few species. Europe claims about 40 species, of which 

 25 are British. Among the best-known of the latter may be mentioned the 

 Buff Tip (Phalera bucephala), the Puss Moth (Dicranura vinula) and the 

 Lobster Moth (Stauropus fagi). About 80 species represent the family in 

 North America. 



SESIIDJS (Clear-Wings). Plate 32, Map ii. 



The Sesiidse are a comparatively small family, while the size of the 

 Moths themselves is insignificant. As their popular name indicates, the 

 wings in this group are frequently devoid of scales, either wholly or in part, 

 thus appearing more or less transparent, like those of a bee or fly. They are 

 of wide distribution, and over 100 species are found in the Palrearctic 

 Region, about 60 of which occur in Europe and 14 in Britain. North 

 America likewise possesses 100 species. 



SYNTOMID^l. Plate 32, Map iii. 



This family includes about 1200 species of Moth, mostly of small size, but 

 often adorned with remarkably brilliant colours, and sometimes with trans- 

 parent wings, as in the members of the previous family. They are most 

 abundant in tropical regions, but yet have a wide distribution. Only four 

 species occur in Europe, and the family is totally unrepresented in Britain. 

 In North America some 21 species are recorded, most of which, however, are 

 confined to the Southern States. 



ZYG-ENID^; (Burnet-Moths). Plate 32, Map iii. 



Over 1100 species of this family have been described, grouped under 

 nearly 200 genera and 9 sub-families. The limits of the group vary con- 

 siderably, however, owing to differences of opinion as to its classification. The 

 distribution of these Moths is almost universal, but they do not occur in 

 New Zealand. Many of the species are brightly coloured and diurnal 

 in habit. About 50 species occur in Europe, and of these 10 are British. 

 The best-known of the latter are the Six-spotted Burnet (Zygsena filipendxhlse) 

 and the "Foresters" of the genus Ino. 



COSSHXS: (Goat-Moth Group). Plate 32, Map iii. 



This family comprises over 200 species and about 40 genera of large or 

 moderate sized Moths, with a distribution approximately like that of the 

 previous family. Some 21 species occur in North America, about 90 in 

 the Pakearctic Region, and a dozen in Europe. Only three are British, 

 namely, the Goat Moth {Cossus cossus), the Reed Moth (Phragmatcecia 

 castanese) and the Leopard Moth (Zeuzera pyrina). The last-named is 

 sometimes referred to a separate family, which bears the name of Zeuzeridse. 



HEPIALID^l (Ghost-Moths, &c). Plate 32, Map iv. 



About 175 species, placed in a score or so of genera, are referred to this 

 family. They are of very varied size and appearance, some of the largest 



