GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 17 



are usually movable, and the margins are more or less deeply 

 bevelled. 



Markings. — The surface of the pupa is dull or polished 

 and shining, and either smooth or pitted, wrinkled or corru- 

 gated. Sculpturing is often present on the head, segment 4, 

 the antespiracular region of 9, 10 and 11, the ventral surface 

 of 13 and 14, and the cremaster. Head-sculpturing is found 

 in the genera Marumba, Parum and Sataspes in the form 

 of a pair of frontal, very rugose ridges ; sculpturing on segment 4 

 in Acherontia and Meganoton as subdorsal pear-shaped, 

 raised and roughened surfaces, and in Psilogramma and 

 Herse as a pair of subdorsal weals or ridges. The ante- 

 spiracular sculpturing consists of a specifically varying number 

 of roughly parallel ridges on the front bevels of the movable 

 segments 9, 10 and 11 ; this is found in most of the Acheron - 

 tiine pupae and in Compsogene, Clanis, Marumba and other 

 Ambulicine forms, with slight indications of it in some of the 

 Chceroc ampins. The sculpturing on segments 13 and 14 

 consists of the clasper scars and sex marks, and the cremaster 

 is often corrugated, pitted or ridged. The sex of a pupa 

 can, in most cases, be determined by examining the ventral 

 aspect of segments 13 and 14. The scars of the anal claspers 

 (fig. 4 C, D) are on segment 14 in front of the base of the 

 cremaster, the scar on each side of a central depression forming 

 a somewhat sausage-shaped thickened " lip," the two scars 

 together forming a longitudinally -placed, mouth-shaped organ. 

 In the (J pupa (fig. 4 D) there is on 13 a similar but smaller 

 mark and no mark on 12, and the margins of 12, 13 and 14 

 are not emarginate. In the 2 pupa (fig. 4 C) these margins 

 are distorted by the middle anterior portion of segment 14 

 being produced in a tongue-like or triangular process right 

 across 13 and forwards to the middle of 12, carrying, so to 

 speak, the middle part of 13 with it, as shown in the figure. 

 The large " mouth " in the figure is formed by the clasper 

 scars ; the black median line on 13 is the posterior of two 

 marks which always occur in $ pupae ; it probably represents 

 the anus of the imago. This mark may be shorter or it may 

 be broader than in the figure, or may even be more or less 

 circular, and it is often connected by a depressed line with 

 the generally better defined and usually broader and rounder 

 mark in the middle of 12, in the very apex of the tongue or 

 triangle ; in some cases this latter, presumably sexual, 

 depression is also mouth-shaped. Sometimes these " sex " 

 marks are faint and difficult to distinguish, but a single mark 

 on segment 13 and no mark on 12 always indicates a <J pupa ; 

 a blurring of the segment margins and a mark in the middle 

 of segment 12 always indicates a $. 



vol. v. c 



