18 SPHINGIDJE. 



Spiracles (fig. 4 B, h). — These are situated on segments 2 

 and 5 to 12, as in the larva, though those on 5 are generally 

 hidden beneath the visible inner margin of the hind wing ; 

 those on 2 are placed in the division between segments 2 and 3 

 and are often covered by a lobe extending from the front 

 margin of 3 which fits into a corresponding emargination 

 of the hind margin of 2. They are oval in shape as in the 

 larva. 



The cremaster is a chitinous extension from the dorsal 

 surface of segment 14 ; it may be broadly or narrowly conical, 

 or flattened, long or short, with the tip usually bifid ; in some 

 species there are additional lateral teeth or spines, and these, 

 like the terminal ones, may be branched or end in hooks, or 

 may be simple. In Langia the cremaster is reduced to a 

 minute spine or is absent. 



Coloration. — In those species which pupate in a cell under- 

 ground the colour is either black, brown or chestnut, without 

 any markings, except in Degmaptera mirabilis, which is chest- 

 nut with the eye-cases cream-coloured ; the surface of these 

 pupa? is usually highly chitinized and shining. The pupa 

 of Psilogramma menephron is exceptional in being covered 

 with a plum-like bloom. The pupse of those species which 

 pupate in a cocoon on the surface are usually pale in colour 

 with darker stripes and spots, or parti-coloured, but the pupa? 

 of the subfamily Sesiinje are of the uniform dark type, though 

 they pupate on the surface. In the subfamily Fhilampelinje 

 the pupa of Cizara sculpta is prettily marked and those of 

 the genus Panacra are variegated, resembling green and 

 grey lichens ; that of Angonyx testacea is an exception in being- 

 near ly uniform black in colour. Pupa? of the subfamily 

 Chcero camping are usually pale with darker stripes and 

 dots. 



Imago* (figs. 5, 6, 7, 8). 



Head (fig. 5). — The dorsal skeleton is divided by two 

 transverse sutures into the clypeus (cl), epicranium (ecr), 

 and occiput (occ). 



The epicranium forms laterally the sockets for the antenna?, 

 which stand nearer the eye in some Hawk-Moths than in 

 others. 



The clypeus is the largest plate of the three ; it is more or 

 less strongly convex, especially mesially. It bears at the 

 anterior margin the labrum (Ir). The labrum is in most 

 instances raised to a large, transverse, cariniform tubercle, 

 which is generally vertical in front. It projects sometimes 

 frontad over the base of the tongue, concealing the mesial 

 part of the epistome (ep). 



* This account is taken from Rothschild and Jordan's 'Revision,' 

 1903. 



