16 SPHINGID^. 



clypeus. The larval clypeus is altogether wanting in the 

 pupa ; the name has, however, been retained and applied 

 by most authors to the lower portion of the frons. In the 

 process of the transformation of the larva into the pupa 

 the head appears to undergo a bilateral screwing motion 

 which obliterates the larval clypeus and raises the eye-region 

 and antenna? towards the vertex of the pupal (and imaginal) 

 head. Attached to the pupal clypeus is a composite piece 

 which appears to correspond with the labrum and ligula of 

 the larva. 



The top of the head adjoining segment 2 is called the 

 vertex ; on each side of the head is a large eye -case ; the 

 base of the tongue -case is next to the composite appendage 

 of the clypeus ; its tip sometimes does not reach beyond the 

 anterior junction of the wing-cases, as in many Ambulicin^e, 

 but more commonly continues as a narrow ridge entirely 

 separating the wing-cases. In those species of which the 

 imago has a very long tongue some special arrangement 

 has to be made for its storage in the pupal case. This is 

 provided by the extension of the head of the pupa into a 

 laterally flattened hollow sheath, as in Cechenena lineosa, 

 or by the development of a free tongue -sheath in the form 

 of a tube projecting from the front of the head and bending 

 backwards towards the venter, the closed end being bulbous 

 to allow of the tongue turning back without too sharp a bend. 

 The free sheath is of varying length in different species, 

 and the distal portion may be curved into a semicircle or 

 a spiral. This free sheath is found in some of the genera 

 of the tribes Acherontiini and Sphingini of the subfamily 

 AcHERONTimiE, and again in Bhyncholaba acteus of the 

 subfamily Choero camping. 



Thorax. — The case of the fore leg lies nearly parallel with 

 the tongue-case (fig. 4) ; in some species there is a small, 

 bipartite, diamond-shaped piece between the tibia and the 

 tongue-case ; Mell calls it the " shin," but it is doubtful 

 what it represents. We have reason to suppose it to be the 

 coxal trochanter of the fore leg, and we - call it the " coxal 

 piece." In many species it is hidden under the femur and 

 tibia of the fore leg. The mid -leg (fig. 4 A, e) lies immediately 

 outside the fore leg and the antenna outside the mid -leg, 

 with its base near the top of the head next to the eye-case. 

 The hind leg is hidden beneath the wing-case, but the extreme 

 tip may in some instances just appear between the apices 

 of the wing-cases, which always end at or near the hind 

 margin of segment 8 ; the fore wing lies over the hind wing 

 and covers all but a narrow band of it which is visible along 

 segments 4 to 7. Segments 9, 10 and 11 of the abdomen 



