14 SPHINGID^. 



the hairs which on this segment take the place of the supra- 

 and subspiracular hairs on the, other segments are placed 

 one behind the other, also on the edge of the anal flap, in 

 front of the subdorsals. The distance between the subdorsal 

 and the dor so -lateral pairs of hairs is about one -third the 

 length of the segment, and the subdorsals are about the same 

 distance apart from each other ; the subdorsals are the 

 shortest and are hardly traceable among the secondary hairs ; 

 the dorso -laterals and supraspiraculars are about equal in 

 length and slightly longer than the subdorsals ; the sub- 

 spiraculars are the longest, and may in the last instar be about 

 twice the length of the spiracle. The main hairs are usually 

 simple (the secondary ones are always so), but there are 

 species in which the subspiracular is compound ; it is pal- 

 mately branched in a horizontal plane in Psilogramma 

 and Cizara, as well as in a few species of other genera ; 

 it is always very fine and delicately inserted, and appears 

 to be always moving from the base ; it is very easily broken 

 off or removed by slight friction ; when simple it is usually 

 erect, but may be decumbent. 



In addition to the hairs described above there are always 

 some ventral main hairs, and, in the adult larva, there are 

 some hairs on the segments of the true legs and a fringe of 

 eight to twelve comparatively stout hairs starting from the 

 lower margin of the shank and subtending the ankles of the 

 prolegs, three more on the base of the proleg and some along 

 the hind margin of the clasper face. The fringe at the end 

 of the shank is never developed in the newly -hatched larva, 

 in which there is a single hair. Each hair arises from a 

 circular spot, which often develops into a granule and in 

 many genera into a rounded or conical tubercle of a horny 

 or fleshy consistency, which may be simple or multiple. 



Coloration. — Commonly some shade of green or bluish-green, 

 with various markings, but is sometimes brown, black, 

 yellow, reddish or variegated. Colour dimorphism is not rare, 

 and in some species there is trimorphism or even polymor- 

 phism. The head may be immaculate or dotted and longi- 

 tudinally striped. The markings of the body take the form 

 of longitudinal and oblique stripes, patches and bands 

 with dots or transverse lines. Eye-like markings (ocelli) 

 are common in some of the subfamilies, and in a few species 

 the spiracle on segment 5 is surrounded by an ocellus-like 

 spot. The horn is usually black in the first instar, but may 

 be yellow, green or parti- coloured (Rhyncholaba) . In later 

 instars the colour is very varied. The colour and markings 

 of the larvae are characteristic of whole genera and even of 

 some of the subfamilies. 



