12 



SPHINGID^J. 



segments are very similar to those of other lepidopterous 

 larvae, the divisions between them being always visible, 

 though more clearly defined in some species than in others. 

 Each segment from 2 to 12 has more or less deeply depressed 

 transverse lines which divide the segment into secondary 

 rings (fig. 1, g) ; on segment 2 there are three rings, on 

 segment 3 there are usually six, on segment 4 seven, and 

 on segments 5 to 11 eight each ; on segment 12 there are 

 three or four complete rings near the front margin and others 

 which do not reach the dorsum. In the first instar the horn 

 is always straight, tapering gently from a truncate -conical 

 base to a shortly bifid tip, each arm of the fork bearing a seta. 

 It is usually long, and may be very long. In succeeding 

 instars it becomes proportionally shorter, except in a few 

 species, and often changes in shape. In the full-fed larva 

 it may be straight, or curved downwards or upwards, or curved 

 first downwards and then upwards, as in the genus Acker ontia 

 (but not in Psilogramma, as stated by Rothschild & Jordan, 

 1903, p. 42). It may be long or short, stout or thin ; in Langia 

 zenzeroides and in some of the species of Clanis it is reduced 

 to a large conical tubercle, in the genus Elibia to a rounded 

 tubercle ; in Bhodosoma and Degmaptera it is flattened 

 laterally, and in Rkagastis and Cechenena it may be flattened 

 laterally or clubbed. It usually ends in a simple point, but 

 may remain bifid to maturity. 



The surface of the body may be dull or shining, with or 

 without tubercles on some or all of the segments, or with 

 tubercles in some instars only. In the first instar the surface 

 of the horn is either smooth and shining or dull, and in some 

 species it is covered with small setae which may arise from 

 granules. In the last instar the surface of the horn may 

 be rough, with pointed or rounded setiferous tubercles, 

 or smooth as in most of the genus Macroglossum and the 

 subfamily Chcerocampin^e ; it is usually strongly chitinized 

 and shining, but may be dull ; the bifid tip usually disappears, 

 being replaced by a simple point. In the flattened horn of 

 Degmaptera mirabilis the setae become spinous on the under 

 surface. 



The legs (fig. 1 T>) consist of a base a and three segments h, 

 c and d, the last of which bears a simple claw. The proleg 

 (fig. 1 E) consists of a base a, shank b, ankle c, and the foot d, 

 set with curved booklets. The proleg of segment 10 is 

 invariably larger than that of segment 9, and the latter 

 is sometimes larger than the co-equal pairs of segments 7 

 and 8. The clasper is similar in construction to the proleg, 

 but the shank is larger and more conical. The upper edges 

 of the claspers are covered by the triangular anal flap. 



