246 sphingid^:. 



of seventh segment truncate, armed with spines at apical edge 

 like the tergites, but the distal spines longer. External row 

 of spines of fore tarsus reduced to hairs on first segment, 

 the spines of second row sometimes at right angles to the 

 segment ; hind tarsus sometimes compressed, with or without 

 additional spines on the outer surface of the first segment. 

 SC 2 and SC 4 of fore wing anastomosed at apex of wing ; cell of 

 hind wing very short ; SC 2 and R 1 , and R 3 and M 1 stalked. 



" $. Sexual armature more or less asymmetrical. Tenth 

 tergite divided, the right half often reduced ; sternite lunulate 

 or deeply divided into two broad lobes ; more or less twisted, 

 often removed towards the right side, or without lobes. 

 Clasper without friction-scales ; large, right and left generally 

 very different ; harpe vestigial, without process, practically 

 absent. Penis -sheath thin, ending in a slender point, mostly 

 armed with two teeth pointing basad. 



" $. Eighth to tenth abdominal segments much smaller in 

 width than the preceding segments, there being a deep cavity 

 all round between the seventh and eighth segments. Seventh 

 tergite incrassa f e beneath laterally. Eighth tergite a narrow 

 and transversely long half-moon. Vaginal plate chitinous, 

 connected with seventh sternite by a plate of chitin ; orifice 

 small, proximal, a little removed towards the left side " 

 (Roths. & Jord., 1903, p. 460). 



Egg. — Shortly ovoid ; surface smooth and shining : colour 

 pale green. Length 1-2 mm. ; breadth 1-1 mm. ; height 1 mm. 



Larva. — Head large and round or squarish in shape ; body 

 tapering little frontad ; horn of medium length, doAvn- curved. 

 Colour variable ; longitudinal but no oblique stripes. 



Pupa. — Slight in build ; antenna equal to fore leg and one- 

 half to two-thirds length of wing-case, mid-leg about three- 

 quarters. No coxal piece. Surface shining ; sculpturing on 

 segment 4 and ante-spiracular ridges present. Cremaster 

 a polished shaft with minutely 'bifid tip. Colour dark brown. 



Habits. — Eggs laid singly on a number of shrubs and trees 

 of the family Rubiacea?, usually on the underside of a leaf. 

 Larva? sluggish but eat very greedily and continuously. 

 When molested they sometimes throw the head back over the 

 dorsum until the mouth-parts are directed upwards, and eject 

 green fluid from the mouth. The body becomes suffused with 

 brown before pupation, which takes place in a rough cocoon 

 on the surface of the ground amongst the foliage of the food- 

 plant, or more rarely just under the surface of the earth. 

 It is formed of leaves, earth particles etc., held together by 

 a few strands of silk. The pupa is not attached to the inside 

 of the cocoon. When the moth emerges, which it usually 

 does in the early morning, the hyaline portion of the wings 

 is covered densely with greyish scales. These come off in 



