130 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE CABINET. 



nigra, Poiret. Black Spruce. 



Deep woods on the hills: on the level horders of sphagnum ponds. Frequent 

 along Fish creek, above the cliffs. Common in the northern forests. 



The low dwarf form, in bogs and holes, is called by lumbermen Bastard 

 Spruce. This and the Tamarack are the lirst trees that take root in shaking 

 moss, either as it extends into the water of ponds, or after it has completed 

 the covering. They are closely followed and displaced by Arbor vita ; which 

 at length develop the deep black soil-bottoms of cedar swamps. 



Frequent. May. 



alba, Michx. White Spruce. 



Op in upland woods. Frankfort hill. Northern wilderness. May. 



LARIX, Tour/tefort. Larch. Tamarack. 



t Americana, Michx. American Larix. 



Borders of swamps and marshes. Throughout the valley of the Mohawk, but 

 more abundant along the south range of hills, around the ponds ami lakes, 

 or occasionally alone covering tracts of low land. Also from the northern 

 part of the county, northward. Abundant. May. 



THUJA, Tournefort. Arbor-vitce. 



* occidentalis, L. American, Western Thuja. 



Cold swamps. From northern Otsego county, Summit lake; southern Her- 

 kimer county, Mud lake, Cedarville, Hidden lake, Cedar lake; Oneida coun- 

 ty, throughout the valley of the Mohawk; Madison and Onondaga counties; 

 northward. Common. April. 



JUNIPERTJS, L. Junipers. 



•■ communis, L. Common Juniper. 



Sandy woods, barren banks. North side of the Mohawk valley, from Sche- 

 nectady to Littlefalls. Sides of the Black river below AY'atertown. Frequent 

 in the north woods. Scarce. May. 



- VIRGIniana, L. Red Cedar. 



Rocky woods, dry sidehills. Abundant in the valley of the Mohawk, through 

 Schenectady and Montgomery counties. Seneca lake, Gray. Greece, Monroe 

 county, Bradley. Frequent. April. 



sabina, L. . European Savin. 



var. prostrata. Low Savin. Prostrate Juniperus. 



Swamps and shores. Borders of cold ponds in the north woods. Chemung 

 county, Knieskern in herb. Sartwell Hum. Coll. Banks of the Genesee river, 

 Greece, Bradley. Abundant in the Bergen swamp, Genesee county; often 

 covering the ground, and running to great length. 



Leavds four-ranked, oval, acute; at the end of the stem, opposite, cuspi- 

 date : sterile flowers in erect ovoid catkins, borne on the ends of little 

 branches : fertile catkins of several scales becoming fleshy and uniting in a 

 berry, glaucous at first, blue-black when ripe, two- to four-seeded, borne on 

 short recurved pedicels, which is the determining characteristic of the species. 



In open places, stems run several feet, rooting as they go : branches 

 curving upwards three to eight inches; but where the plants are crowded in 

 patches, they rise twelve to eighteen inches. Rare. May. 



TAXUS, Tournefort. Yew. 



* baccata, L., var. canadensis, Gray. American Taxus. 



Moist banks of woods and ravines, in deep evergreen shade. Common. 



Sometimes erect, with a tree-like stem and spreading branches, five Or six 

 feet in height : borders of the Paris hill swamp. April. 



