CEPHALOPODA. 167 
The shell of the living decapods is either a horny ‘‘ pen” 
{gladius) or a calcareous ‘‘ bone” (sepion) ; not attached to the 
animal by muscles, but so loose as to fall out when the cyst 
which contains it is opened. In the genus spirulaitisa delicate 
spiral tube divided into air-chambers by partitions (septa). In 
the fossil genus spirulirostra a similar shell forms the apex of 
a cuttle-bone; in the fossil conoteuthis a chambered shell is 
combined with a pen; and the belemnite unites all these 
modifications. 
The decapods chiefly frequent the open sea, appearing periodi- 
cally like fishes, in great shoals, on the coasts and banks. (Owen, 
D’Orbigny. ) 
Famity III.—TEuTHIDm. CALAMARIES, OR SQUIDS. 
Body elongated ; jins short, broad, and mostly terminal. 
Shell (gladius or pen) horny, consisting of three parts,—a shaft, 
and two lateral expansions or wings. 
Sub-family A. Jyopside, D’Orbigny. yes covered by the 
skin, 
Loxrieo. (Pliny) Lamarck. Calamary. 
Synonym, teuthis (Aristotle), Gray. 
Type, Li. vulgaris (sepia loligo, L.). Fig. 1. Pl. L, fig. 6 
(pen). 
ie lanceolate, with the shaft produced in front; it is multi- 
plied by age, several being found packed closely, one behind 
another, in old specimens. (Owen.) 
Body tapering behind, much elongated in the males. Lins 
terminal, united, rhombic. Alantle supported by a cervical 
ridge, and by two grooves in the base of the funnel. Suckers in 
two rows, with horny, dentated hoops. Tentacular club with 
four rows of suckers. Length (excluding tentacles) from 3 
inches to 23 feet. Fourth left arm in male metamorphosed at 
its extremity. Steenstrup* says two species are confounded 
under the name of Z. vulgaris. The yariety occurring in the 
Atlantic, and not in the Mediterranean, is a distinct species (ZL. 
Forbesii, Stp.). In it the fourth left arm has twenty-three pairs 
of suckers well developed, five less developed, while the arm 
beyond the twenty-eighth pair is occupied by forty pairs of 
conical elongated papillee, which correspond to forty pairs of 
suckers. Steenstrup recognises only seyen living species of 
Loligo, all the others so called being only varieties of these, 
« Annals of Natural History, 1857. 
