BRACHIOPODA. 371 
interior ; whilst in several others there are but two brachial 
lobes. The Liassic species form the subject of a monograph by 
M. Eudes Deslongchamps; they are often minute, and attached 
in numbers to sea-urchins, corals, and terebratul. 
Distribution, 1 species. Mediterranean. 
Fossil, 34 species. Trias—. Hurope. 
? STRINGOCEPHALUS, Defrance. 
Etymology, String (stringos), an owl, cephale, the head.* 
Type, 8. Burtini, Pl. XV., Fig. 13. Figs. 166, 167. Devonian, 
Europe. 
Shell punctate; sub-orbicular, with a prominent beak; ventral 
valve with a longitudinal septum (vs) in the middle; hinge- 
area distinct ; foramen large and angular in 
the young shell, gradually surrounded by 
the deltidium, and rendered small and oval 
in the adult; deltidium composed of three 
elements ; teeth prominent; dorsal valve N 
depressed, cardinal process (7) very promi- “Fig. 167.4 
nent, sometimes touching the opposite valve, its extremity 
forked to receive the ventral septum (vs); ninge-plate (p) sup- 
porting a shelly loop, after the manner of Argiope. 
FAMILY II.—SPIRIFERIDZA. 
Shell furnished internally with two calcareous spiral processes 
(apophyses) directed outwards towards the sides of the shell, and 
destined for the support of the oral arms, which must have 
been fixed immoyably; the spiral lamelle are sometimes 
spinulose, indicating the existence of rigid cirri, especially on 
the front of the whorls; vyalyes articulated by teeth and 
sockets. 
SPIRIFERA, Sowerby. 
Type, 8. striata, Sby., Fig. 168. 
Synonyms, Trigonotreta. Konig. Choristites, Fischer. Del- 
thyris, Dalman. Martinia, &c., M‘Coy. 
middle ; the dotted lines proceeding from its inner edge are added from a drawing by 
M. Suess, and represent what he regards as shelly processes for supporting a mein- 
branous disk, They may be portions of spirals, whose outer whorls are confluent. 
* Internal casts of Productus giganteus are called “ owl-heads” by quarrymen in 
the North of Engand. (Sowerby.) 
+ Fig. 167. Young shell, magnified four ee h, hinge area; 0, deltidium; 
p, pseudo-deltidium, 
