464 MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA. 
Synonym, Arctica, Schum. 
Shell oval, large and strong, with usually an oblique line or 
angle on the posterior side of each valve; epidermis thick and 
dark; lgament prominent, umbones oblique; no lunule; 
cardinal teeth 2.2, laterals 0O—1, 1—0; muscular impressions 
oval, polished; pallial sinus obsolete. 
Animal with the mantle open in front and below, margins 
plain; siphonal orifices close together, fringed, slightly pro- 
jecting; outer gills semilunar, inner truncated in front. 
The principal hinge-tooth in the right valve of Cyprina 
represents the second and third in Venus and Cytherea; the 
second tooth of the left valve is consequently obsolete. 
Distribution, C. Islandica ranges from Greenland and the 
United States to the Icy Sea, Norway, and England; in 5—80 
fathoms water. It occurs fossil in Sicily and Piedmont, but not 
alive in the Mediterranean. 
Fossil, 90 species. (D’Orbigny.) Muschelkalk—. urope. 
CrrcE, Schumacher. 
Hiymology, in Greek mythology a celebrated enchantress. 
Hzample, C. corrugata, Pl. XX., Fig. 2. 
Synonym, Paphia (undulata), Lamarck.* 
Sheil sub-orbicular, compressed, thick, often sculptured with 
diverging striso; umbones flat; lunule distinct; ligament 
nearly concealed; margins smooth; hinge-teeth 3:3; laterals 
obscure; pallial ‘ine entire. 
Animal (of C. minima) with the mantle open, margins denti- 
culate, siphonal orifices close together, scarcely projecting, 
fringed ; foot large, heeled ; palpi long and narrow, Ranges 
- from 8—50 fathoms. (Forbes.) 
Distribution, 40 species. Australia, India, Red Sea, Canaries, 
Britain. 
AsTARTE, Sowerby, 1816. 
Synonym, Crassina, Lamarck. Tridonta, Schum. Goodallia, 
Turton. 
Exwmple, A. sulcata, Pl. XX., Fig. 1. A. borealis, Fig. 258. 
(Astarte, the Syrian Venus.) 
Sheld sub-orbicular, compressed, thick, smooth or concen- 
* This name was employed by Bolten, in 1798, for sp. of Veneride, andby Lamarck, 
in 1801, for Venus divaricata, Chemn. (= Circe divaricata and Crassatella contraria), 
and Mesodesma glabratum. In 1808, Fabricius adopted the name for a group of butter- 
flies, in which sense it is now widely employed, having been abandoned by Lamarck in 
his later works, and by all succeeding malaculogists. 
