Mr. R. Pennington on the Bone-caves in Derby slave. 557 



2. " The Glaciation of the Southern part of the Lake-district, 

 and the Glacial origin of the Lake-basins of Cumberland and West- 

 moreland."— Second Paper. By J. Clifton Ward, Esq., F.G.S. 



The directions of ice-scratches in the various dales having been 

 pointed out, the course of the several main glaciers were described ; 

 and it was shown how they must have become confluent in all the 

 lower ground, forming a more or less continuous ice-sheet, which 

 overlapped most of the minor ridges parting valley from valley, and 

 was frequently forced diagonally across them. 



The positions of certain ice-grooves having an abnormal direction 

 were described ; in several cases these cross lofty ridges at right 

 angles to their direction, and generally at passes or depressions 

 along a watershedding line. Most of those noticed had a generally 

 east-and-west direction, and occurred at varying heights, from 

 1250 ft. to 2400 ft. The author, while acknowledging the difficulty 

 attendant upon any explanation, was inclined, though somewhat 

 doubtfully, to regard these abnormal markings as due to floating ice 

 during the great period of interglacial submergence. 



The moraines were all believed to belong to the last set of 

 glaciers. 



The subject of the " Glacial origin of Lake-basins " was then 

 entered upon, and the following lakes discussed by means of 

 diagrams drawn to scale, showing lake-depths, mountain-outlines, 

 and the thickness of the ice — Wastwater, Grasmere, Easdale, 

 Windermere, Coniston, and Esthwaite, together with several moun- 

 tain-tarns. In the case of Wastwater, the bottom was shown to run 

 below the level of the sea for a distance of a mile and a quarter, 

 and the deepest point to be just opposite the spot at which the only 

 side valley joins the main one. While the greatest depth of the lake 

 is 251 ft., the thickness of the old glacier-ice must have been fully 

 1500 ; and, all points considered, Prof. Ramsay's theory of glacial 

 erosion seemed to the author certainly to be upheld. In like manner 

 the same theory was thought to account for the origin of the other 

 lakes mentioned, such ones as Windermere and Coniston being but 

 long narrow grooves formed at the bottom of preexisting valleys, 



Mountain -tarns were held to be due sometimes wholly to glacial 

 erosion, sometimes to this combined with a moraine clam, and occa- 

 sionally to the ponding back of water by moraines alone, or moraine- 

 like mounds formed at the foot of snow-slopes. 



Eebruary 10, 1875. — John Evans, Esq., F.R.S., President, 

 in the Chair. 



The following communication was read : — 



2. "On the Bone-caves in the neighbourhood of Castleton, Derby- 

 shire." By Pooke Pennington, Esq., LL.B. Communicated by Prof. 

 W. Boyd Dawkins, F.R.S., F.G.S. 



The author described as a Prehistoric Cave, the Cave-dale Cave, 

 situated in Cave-dale, just below the keep of Peveril Castle. The 



