78 PLANTS OF ONEIDA COUNTY 



nigra, Poiret. Black Spruce. 



Deep woods <>n the hills: on the level borders of sphagnum ponds. Frequent 

 along Fish creek, above the cliffs. Common in the northern forests. 



The low dwarf form, in bogs and holes, is called by lumbermen Bastard 

 Spruce. Tliis and the Tamarack are the first trees that take root in shaking 

 moss, either as it extends into the water of ponds, or alter it has completed 

 the covering. Tiny are closely followed and displaced by Arbor vita; which 

 at length develop the deep black soil-bottoms of cedar swamps. 



Frequent. May. 



alba, Michx. White Spruce. 



Open upland woods. Frankfort hill. Northern wilderness. May. 



LARIX, Tournefort. Larch. Tamarack. 



Americana, Michx. American Lariz. 



Borders of swamps and marshes. Throughout the valley of the Mohawk, but 

 more abundant along the south range of hills, around the ponds and lakes, 

 or occasionally alone covering tracts of low land. Also from the northern 

 part of the county, northward. Abundant. May. 



THUJA, Tournefort. Arbor-vita. 



occidentalis, L. American, Western Thuja. 



Cold swamps. From northern Otsego county, Summit lake; southern Her- 

 kimer county. Mud lake, Cedarville, Hidden lake, Cedar lake; Oneida coun- 

 ty, throughout the valley of the Mohawk; Madison and Onondaga counties; 

 northward. Common. April. 



JUNIPERUS, L. Junipers. 



communis, L. Common Juniper. 



Sandy woods, barren hanks. North side of the Mohawk valley, from Sche- 

 nectady to Littlefalls. Sides of the Black river below Watertown. Frequent 

 in the north woods. Scarce. May. 



virgtniana, L. Red Cedar. 



Rocky woods, dry sidehills. Abundant in the valley of the Mohawk, through 

 Schenectady and Montgomery counties. Seneca lake, Gray. Greece, Monroe 

 county, Bradley. Frequent. April. 



sabina, L. European Savin. 



var. prostrata. Low Savin. Prostrate Juniper us. 



Swamps and shores. Borders of cold ponds in the north woods. Chemung 

 county, Knieskern in herb. Sartwell Ham. Coll. Banks of the Genesee river, 

 Greece, Bradley. Abundant in the Bergen swamp, Genesee county; often 

 covering the ground, and running to great length. 



Leavds four-ranked, oval, acute; at the end of the stem, opposite, cuspi- 

 date : sterile flowers in erect ovoid catkins, borne on the ends of little 

 branches : fertile catkins of several scales becoming fleshy and uniting in a 

 berry, glaucous at first, blue-black when ripe, two- to four-seeded, borne on 

 short recurved pedicels, which is the determining characteristic of the species. 



In open places, stems run several feet, rooting as they go : branches 

 curving upwards three to eight inches; hut where the plants are crowded in 

 patches, they rise twelve to eighteen inches. Rare. May. 



TAXUS, Tournefort. Yew. 



baccata, L., var. canadensis, Gray. American Taxus. 



Moist banks of woods and ravines, in deep evergreen shade. Common. 



Sometimes erect, with a tree-like stem and spreading branches, five or six 

 feet iu height : borders of the Paris hill swamp. April. 



