214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Jan. 22, 



ice-marks, all the rocky hills are glaciated from top to bottom. 

 From the fork at Derreen House stride can be followed along the 

 shore to the mouth of KiBmakillogue harbour, where they bend 

 south-westwards, and run parallel to the ridges of Boulder-clay. 

 Up to the top of Knock-a-tigh, 1100 feet, striae were copied off the 

 rocks by rubbings. Near the top is a large perched block. At the 

 base long deep grooves run under the long ridge of Boulder-clay. 

 As I read this record, it means that ice flowed off this long ridge, 

 as water flows off a roof, till it got into Kenmare river and the 

 other gutter, Bantry Bay; then it flowed seawards S.W. 2nd. 

 Small local glaciers afterwards cut through the ridges of Boulder- 

 clay which were left by the large Kenmare-river glacier, and so 

 opened the harbours of Kiilmakillogue and Scriob. The ice was 

 more than 1100 feet thick in Kenmare river, and it probably was 

 a great deal thicker; for the whole ridge is glaciated. Crossing 

 the corresponding gutter to the opposite side of Kenmare river, 

 all these marks are repeated at the corresponding harbour, and 

 they recur down to Dursey Island ; there the sea is breaking cliffs 

 out of the hills. At Bally-na-Skelligs Bay all known glacial marks 

 occur, as they do at Valentia. Three great sea-loughs at least, 

 Bantry Bay, Kenmare river, and Dingle Bay, were the beds of 

 enormous glaciers, which came from hills about Killarney as rivers 

 do now. There can be no question as to the former existence of a 

 great local ice-system in the south-west corner of Ireland. But 

 when the northern half of Ireland was covered with ice, the Kerry 

 system must have been joined to the system which flowed sea- 

 wards at Galway and at Carlingford Lough. All these sets of facts 

 combined prove that all the local systems in Ireland were united 

 before they broke up into separate local systems. Join high glaci- 

 ated points, change lines into planes, and the whole area of Ireland 

 is beneath the level of ice which ground heavily on hill-tops more 

 than 2000 feet higher than the plain. 



9. United Irish System. — Since I first observed bigh ice-marks in 

 1863, many Irish observers have tested my facts published in 1865. 

 In an able paper upon the glaciation of Ireland, published in the 

 first volume of the ' Transactions of the Irish Geological Society,' 

 the Rev. Mr. Close says that he found that which I had found upon 

 the top of Shan Folagh. 



Mr. Kinahan, the local geological surveyor in the district, sought 

 for like marks on neighbouring hill-tops, and found them. His 

 work, begun about 1865, was published in 1872. Messrs. Close and 

 Kinahan have now published a pamphlet with a map of glacial marks 

 about the heads of Clew Bay and Galway Bay, Lough Mask and 

 Connemara. This map of the able and patient work of seven years 

 confirms my own rapid observations. There was a very large local 

 glacier-system in Western Connaught, which radiated seaward, and 

 which joined other systems on the landward side, till it dwindled 

 away there as elsewhere. It left an exceedingly complicated record 

 in the low grounds, where systems met as glaciers did at Dorreen 

 in Kerry, or where systems split behind hills. Taking the whole 



