1873.] CAMPBELL — GLACIATION OF IRELAND. 219 



was glacier-ice at first, grounded in 1800 feet of salt water ; at 3000 

 feet, in 2700 feet or 450 fathoms, according to measurements 

 which I made off Labrador on ice from a stranded berg. The 

 general southerly movement was turned aside locally. At some time 

 there was movement in a south-westerly direction from the Baltic 

 by way of Gotheborg and across Scotland by way of the Forth and 

 Clyde, and apparently across Ireland also. There was a wide and 

 extensive movement south-eastwards from the east of Scandinavia 

 down by the course of all the Swedish rivers, and over Finland past 

 St. Petersburg. On the northern shore of the gulf of Finland marks 

 upon granite indicate very thick ice moving over a wide area. 

 There have been a succession of movements. When each glacial 

 period was at the greatest, and climate began to warm up, each 

 great mountain system in a low latitude separated from the crust 

 and became a separate centre of movement. The general system 

 has now shrunk far within the -arctic circle; but Spitzbergen, Ice- 

 land, Greenland, patches in Scandinavia, and in the Alps, still are 

 gathering-grounds for snow and bases for local systems of glacial 

 action. All these were larger by far. That at least is certain. 

 There can be no question about the enormous extension of the 

 alpine ice-system, and of the transport of stones by ice from the 

 Alps far northwards into the plains of Germany, and far southwards 

 into the plains of Lombardy. 



To see Norway and Sweden is to understand that the whole area 

 was one great sheet of glacier-ice moving far out to sea on the N.W., 

 and far out into the low grounds of Europe on the S.E. A former 

 great extension of glacier-ice from existing centres is proved. 



The next problem is to make out whether the Scandinavian and 

 Alpine systems met in the low grounds of Europe, and there joined 

 the general Polar system ; and if so, how far and to what latitudes 

 this general compound system of glacial movement extended, how 

 it moved, and what work it did. I believe that the general move- 

 ment and the united crust of ice once reached as far as Washington 

 in America, and as far south as Greece on this side of the Atlantic, 

 and probably united east and west round the world. The leaders 

 of the vanguard teach, as I understand them, that the crust reached 

 nearly to the equator. 



XIX. Ireland. — The later record in Ireland now seems to read 

 thus. From Kerry to the White Sea there was a continuous ice- 

 system of vast mechanical power, which has gradually retired north- 

 wards. As it retired it broke up into separate local systems ; as the 

 main system retired northwards from them, the local systems retired 

 from the sea and from the plains up the hills. As the plane of per- 

 petual snow rose from the plane of the sea above the highest hills in 

 Ireland, the Irish local ice-systems also rose till there was no base 

 left for snow to rest on. That which I have seen of late is the record 

 upon the surface of Ireland, the shape of which I attribute chiefly 

 to glacial action, as I have said. 



XX. Under water.— As I now read marks in Kerry and on the 

 Scotch and Norwegian coasts, ice during the last glacial period 



