426 PROCEEDINGS OE THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [May 28, 



in which the lake lies. Each of these has at its head one or more 

 combes, sometimes containing a tarn. Scratches may be found 

 pointing out of each one of these combes, and many others down the 

 lower parts of each valley. In several cases, however, there are 

 also scratches with a direction more or less across the ridges parting 

 valley from valley. Thus, a long narrow ridge separates the valley 

 in which Brothers "Water lies from Deepdale ; and scratches run 

 directly across the ridge to a height of over 1500 feet. The ridge 

 next to the north also, between Deepdale and Grisedale, is crossed 

 in a similar manner at heights up to 2000 feet below Gavel Pike 

 (37), while Annstone Crag (38) (the north-eastern end of this same 

 ridge) is grooved over its summit (1423) in a N.W. and S.E. 

 direction. The eastern end of the Striding Edge ridge, between 

 Grisedale and Glenridcling, is also crossed obliquely by scratches up 

 to a height of 1750 feet. 



IV. Moraines and Boulders. 



1. Various hinds of moraine-lilce mounds. — Before alluding to the 

 moraines in any detail, it is necessary to say a few words upon the 

 different kinds of moraine-like mounds, as the determination of 

 moraines is not always the easy thing it would at first sight seem 

 to be. The following various kinds of mounds may be distin- 

 guished : — 



a. True glacial moraines, of a more or less elongated form, though 

 often much cut up by stream-courses, and made up of large and 

 small angular or subangular blocks, some of which are scratched, 

 imbedded in a clayey or sandy matrix : transported blocks of con- 

 siderable size often lie on the top. 



b. Mounds of very similar constitution to the last, formed by the 

 cutting up of an up-valley drift plateau by numerous stream-courses. 



c. Mounds of subangular stones and wash, formed where moun- 

 tain-streams, either occasional or constant, open out into a main 

 valley. 



d. Mounds formed by ice-rounded rocks covered with a thin 

 coating of moraine-material or drift. 



e. Mounds formed of stratified and false-bedded sand and gravel, 

 quite free from large boulders within, yet frequently having some 

 strewn upon their top. 



/. Mounds of scree-material formed at the bottom of a slope, by 

 the sliding of fragments over an incline of snow lying at the base of 

 crags. (I am indebted to Mr. Drew, late from Cashmere, for this 

 suggestion, he having seen mounds of this kind at the foot of snow- 

 slopes among the Himalayas.) 



2. Moraines.' — Very little need here be said about the moraines 

 proper. Most of them belong to the latest set of valley-glaciers, 

 and are confined to the higher parts of the district and the upper 

 ends of large valleys. There is no instance of an undoubted moraine 

 upon any of the spreads of drift presently to be noticed, though in 

 some few cases they are found coming down to the borders of this 



