1873.] WARD LAKE-DISTRICT GLACIATIOJJ. 429 



containing bands of sand) in a clayey matrix, with large boulders 

 in and upon it. It sometimes passes down into the Till just 

 described, and either forms sloping plateaux running up the valleys 

 (as the Till alone sometimes does) or wide spreads of a more or 

 less moundy appearance. This deposit is mostly seen in Keswick 

 Vale, and may be traced in parts of the district to at least 1500 

 or 1600 feet in height. 



3. Sand and gravel. — Every here and there, along or at the ends 

 of the principal valleys, are mounds having very much the appearance 

 of moraines, but formed of stratified and false-bedded sand and 

 gravel, generally free from large boulders, and sometimes quite free 

 from any angular blocks whatever, though large boulders almost 

 invariably occur about and upon them. It will be necessary to 

 mention a few instances of this deposit. 



Some low moundy hills or " hows," as they are called, occur upon 

 the east side of the Cocker, just where the Lorton Vale opens out 

 into the low country. In a large pit by the side of the high road, 

 half a mile north of Lorton, a deposit of sand and gravel is seen 

 dipping S.W., or down the how-side at a high angle ; the stones are 

 well rounded ; but there are some subangular blocks about one foot in 

 length : the height above the sea is from 230 to 300 feet. Between 

 Embleton and Bassenthwaite stations, just north of the line, is a 

 deposit of false-bedded sand and gravel resting upon finely stratified 

 sand with clayey bands, and containing no boulders or angular blocks ; 

 its height is from 250 to 300 feet. 



At the ends of both the N addle and the St. John's valleys are 

 long mounds of stratified sand and gravel, with no large boulders in 

 but some upon them. One of the St. John's- Vale mounds stretches 

 straight across the valley from Bridge House to Hill Top, and has 

 evidently been cut through by the stream. In one section, close 

 by the beck, the sand and gravel deposit is seen to rest upon yellow 

 clay with boulders at the level of the water ; in another part a small 

 pit shows coarse subangular gravel on 6 feet of fine stratified sand, its 

 base not seen. In both valleys these mounds are at a height of 

 500 feet. Another instance of such mounds occurs at Beckees, a 

 little west of Penruddock station ; one pit gives 8 feet of sand (base 

 not seen) with a little gravel on top, but free from boulders, though 

 they occur on the surface ; the height here is 860 feet. 



Lastly, just south of Troutbeck. Station and off the Ullswater 

 Road (west of Mell Fell) there is a series of long mounds of strati- 

 fied sand and subangular gravel, with some boulders within as well 

 as upon the hillocks ; they occur between the heights of 900 feet 

 and 1045 feet ; but, so far as can be seen by the help of the present 

 pits, the contained boulders are larger at the 1000 feet elevation 

 than at the 900 feet ; this, however, may be due to accident. In the 

 highest pit-exposure one very large boulder occurs ; but it is sur- 

 rounded by subangular stones in a clayey matrix and may be part 

 of a later deposit against the bank of sand and gravel, which only 

 contains much smaller boulders. 



Such are the facts, under the heads of ice-scratches, moraines, 



VOL. XXIX. PART I. 2 F 



