1873.] WAKD LAKE-DISTKICT GLACIATION. 439 



the evidence seems similar to that already brought forward. Wast- 

 dale, Langdale, and Easdale all bear evidence of a great more or less 

 confluent ice-sheet moving southwards from the main watershed, the 

 ice in Langdale and Easdale bearing south-eastwards, that in "Wast- 

 dale south-westwards, while the many perfect upland moraines be- 

 long to the last and smaller set of glaciers. To the confluent-glacier 

 or ice-sheet period are to be assigned also, most probably, moraines 

 found on high passes — as, for instance, in the Stake Pass, between 

 Langstrath and Langdale, — though these may in some cases have 

 been modified by the action of currents during the period of sub- 

 mergence. 



IX. Summary. 



1. There is no evidence that a great ice-cap from the north ever 

 completely swept over the district, the ice originating in it being 

 probably sufficient to stave off any such northern flow. 



2. The ice-scratches, tending mainly along the principal valleys, 

 but sometimes crossing watersheds and over high ground, point to a 

 great confluent glacier-sheet, at one time almost completely envelop- 

 ing a great part of the district. 



3. The movement of this ice-sheet was determined, to the north 

 and to the south, by the principal watershed of the lake-district 

 running through its centre, approximately east and west. 



4. In that half of the district under consideration, the ice, on its 

 increase from small glaciers to a large ice-sheet, moved onwards a 

 great quantity of rocky material from south to north ; this was clone 

 partly by the forward pushing of the first-formed moraines, and 

 partly by the ice overriding the same and dragging on the fragments 

 beneath it. 



5. This particular district gives no evidence of one or more mild 

 periods occurring in the great epoch of primary glaciation ; but then 

 the area of the district is but small. 



6. The climate, however, had probably become moderate, and the 

 glaciers almost or quite disappeared, before the commencement of the 

 great submergence of the land. 



7. During the earlier part of this submergence mounds of sand 

 and gravel were formed in certain positions by tides and currents ; 

 and these contain no large boulders. All the old glacial material 

 was also remodelled in great measure and partly rounded. 



8. When the land had sunk some 800 or 900 feet the cold began 

 to return, and floating ice transported boulders, which were enclosed 

 in sand and gravel mounds formed after that time, and dropped upon 

 the older non-boulder-bearing mounds. 



9. Not until the submergence had reached over 1500 feet was 

 there any direct communication between the northern and southern 

 halves of the lake-district, except by the straits of Dunmail Raise. 



10. Under such conditions a current very probably ran through 

 these straits from south to north, turning mainly to the east on 

 reaching Keswick Vale, though probably sending a branch off to the 

 west. Hence boulders may have been transported by floating ice in 



