1873.] DREW — UPPER-INDUS BASIN. 441 



occupied the bottom of the valley. With regard to oscillation of 

 temperature and of level, he agreed with the author, and was glad 

 to find that his views as to a submergence of about 2000 feet so 

 nearly corresponded with his own. So long as marine remains 

 were found from stage to stage in a certain class of deposits, the 

 probability of similar deposits at a higher level being also marine, 

 was so great that it almost amounted to certainty. He considered 

 that the importance of the latter part of the Glacial period was 

 liable to be underrated; but it was well evinced by the depth 

 (in some cases amounting to 1400 feet) to which some valleys, 

 such as those of North Wales, appeared to have been filled with ice 

 after the re-emergence of the land. 



Mr. Ward, in reply, stated that, though he had found striations 

 to a height of from 2000 to 2500 feet, he had not found them on the 

 highest summits of the mountains, where, on the hypothesis of a 

 general ice-sheet, they ought to have occurred. He was therefore 

 not at present prepared to accept the ice-cap theory. In illustration 

 of Prof. Eamsay's view as to the late glacial deposits, he instanced 

 some of the moraines at a high level in the Lake-district, which be- 

 longed to the period when the land was still submerged to a depth of 

 1300 feet or so, and when the cold climate was again supervening. 



2. Alluvial and Lacustrine Deposits and Glacial Records of the 

 Upper-Indus Basin. By Frederic Drew, Esq., LL.D., F.G.S. 



Part I. Alluvial Deposits. 



The tract of country in which occur the deposits of which I propose 

 to give a somewhat detailed though concise account, is that part of 

 the Maharaja of Kashmir's territory which is drained by the Indus. 

 The greater portion of this country has been visited by travellers 

 whose attention has been drawn to the deposits in question, and 

 who have recorded some observations upon them. While consider- 

 able light has been thrown by some of these observers, it has seemed 

 to me well both to add my quota and to try to systematize the facts, 

 so as to prevent the confusion likely to arise from mixing, in de- 

 scription, accumulations of various origin, though they may all be 

 classed in one sense as alluvium, and to see what general conclusions 

 can be drawn from all that we have learned. 



The writers who have told most about the alluvial and lacustrine 

 deposits are Col. H. Strachey, Gen. Cunningham, Dr. Thompson, 

 Major Godwin- Austen, and Dr. Stoliczka. Col. Strachey, whose 

 paper on the Physical Geography of Western Tibet is a wonderful 

 store of accurate and valuable information compressed into a small 

 compass, has given in it a description of the alluvium of the neigh- 

 bouring basin of the Sutlej, with some reference to the correspond- 

 ing deposits of the Indus ; his conclusions I shall discuss further on. 

 Gen. Cunningham, in his book on Ladakh, has given some notices of 

 lacustrine deposits and of the former extension of lakes, which bear on 



