m Hols' 



MOOSE'S RURAL HEW-YORKBR. 



A CONVERSATION ABOUT DWARF PEARS. 



Editor— We will renew our examination, and, 

 to do *o, we must take a walk of about a mile and 

 a half cast of the Otty. There Wo will find some 

 trees of my own planting. The Mi] is of D yellow 

 ■andy loam, known in this part of the country as a 

 chestnut loam. In the spring of 386S, I planted 

 fifty dwarf pear trees, of different varieties. About 

 half a dozen of tins number were three years old, 

 ten four and five years old, and the balance two 

 year old trees. You SH Ihem standing in two 

 rows, each side of a wide path through the center 

 of ihe garden. There is now little difference in the 

 ■fee, although those that were the largest when 

 planted ore the heaviest, thickest in the trunk, but 

 those that were two years uld when planted are of 

 the best form. 



Visitor. — Would you argue, then, from (his ex- 

 ample, that there is no advantage in planting trees 

 older then t\ 



Editor. — \ 





•«1 thing, I 



, that is for 





plant ot one year from the bud, for a tree taken at 

 that age can be made, by proper treatment, to as- 

 sume any form desired. Rut, if I had a new place 

 without fruit, I would procure, if possible, a few 

 bearing trees on the quince root. One of the trees 

 Ave years old, a Vir.jaluu, bore, the first year it 

 was planted, sixty-three fine pears, of extra size, 

 color and flavor, ami I exhibited them all in one 

 basket at Ihe Fall Show of the Genesee Valley 

 Horticultural Society, and thore were no finer spe- 

 cimens on exhibition. Another tree, a Duchesse de 

 Angoultms, bore about two dozen specimens, and 

 I have never seen them excelled for size, color and 

 general excellence. These were exhibited at tbe 

 same show, and I afterward gave specimens to Mr. 

 Baurt, who considered then) at least equal to any 

 he had ever tasted, and to II. P. Norton, President 

 of the Fruit Growers' Society of Western New 

 York, who considered them altogether the finest 

 specimens of tin- variety be had ever seen or tasted. 

 So much pleased was Mr. P. with them, and such 

 on impression did they make upon him, that even 

 now he is apt to speak of them, These trees, on 

 account of disappointment in fencing and getting 

 the ground ready, were not planted until about the 

 twentieth of May, and were in full bloom when 

 taken up. Yet, not one died, and all would have 

 borne fruit had they been permitted to do so. Of 

 course such a growth of fruit the first year after 



"planting 1 



. proper gi 



mill i.f wood, 



a good plan. It was ouly done as an 

 experiment, and the trees were liberally supplied 

 With liquid manure while per feel ing the fruit, or I 

 think it would have dropped off. I would only 

 rccommeDd that a few specimens should be retained 

 the first season, and the second will give a good 

 crop without checking the growth of the tree. 



Visitor. — This soil is very light. I bad supposed 

 that a heavy soil was best adapted to the pear and 

 tbe quince. 



Editor. — Hud I my choice I would prefer a soil a 

 little heavier for the dwarf pear, that is if it was 

 well drained. On such a soil as this it is necessary, 

 I find, to manure pretty freely to obtain a good 

 growth of wood, otherwise the treei will over-bear, 

 while the growth of wood will be quite too small, 

 and tbe tree will soon assume a stunted and un- 

 thrifty appearance. I have known dwarf trees 

 planted ou almost clear sand in this county, but in 

 such a situation they make but little growth. My 

 experience is that they will grow in any place 



ofl by the wind, at the poiut of union between the 

 quince and pear wood, and some others were in- 

 jured by unruly cattle that scaled the fence. Their 

 places were filled, in the fail of 1854, by young 

 tree?, and as these arc now of excellent form, we 

 will i,At a drawing of one of Ilium, as a modal. 



H i I have borne enough to pnv 



i. ire lliey b»e received 



■, and in 1891 Iruit from iheni wis ex . 



hibiied at the State Fair, and obtained the Brat 



offered for "lb* boat twelTO miotic*, au 



■ 

 A few Jitrtlittioa tbe quince were broken 



Now we will pass further down the nvenue, and 

 look at another lot of trees I planted in 1853. They 

 were only one year old wbeu set out, and have 

 been planted six years. They are of better form 

 than the others, remarkably thrifty ; indeed, are all 

 that can be desired. The treatment they received 

 was the same as described for the others, but you 

 will notice the soil is a little lower and somewhat 

 heavier. I doubt whether a finer lot of trees of 

 their age can be found anywhere, and yet, since 

 the summer of 1S55, they have not received better 

 treatment than any good farmer would give his 

 corn crop. In 1S5G these 120 trees, in all, bore a 

 very large crop. The owner bad just taken pos- 

 session of the place, and knowing but little about 

 fruit or trees, and wishing to obtain all the fruit 

 possible, allowed them to over-bear, and the con- 

 sequence was, in 185T there was but a small crop 

 of fruit on most of the trees, though a few of tbem 

 bore well. Yet, with this drawback, the crop sold 

 was 30 bushels, which brought, I am informed, 

 $120, besides the early varieties eaten by the family. 

 Not one of these trees, that I recollect, was injured 

 by blight. On the right is a square of one hundred 

 peach trees, planted in 1852, and they now are 

 about gone. They have never borne what would 

 be considered two full crops, aud in 1357 did not 

 bear a peach, and but very few the past summer. 

 They have not borne as many bushels as the pears, 

 and though I cannot say certainly, do not think 

 half as many. The standard cherries are now fine 

 trees, and the dwarf cherries and apples, all planted 

 tbe same year, very beautiful bushes, though as 

 yet they have not produced much fruit. In our 

 next journey we will examine some trees that have 

 been longer planted, and are larger and finer. 



Visitor. — This certainly is as strange to me as 

 any of the "big stories" that I have read about, or 

 seen ridiculed in some of the papers, 



Editor.— The truth should not be concealed bo- 

 cause some choose to disbelieve it. The facts, and 

 all the facts that can be obtained are needed on 

 this subject. There has been too much theory, 

 and too much scribbling by those who have never 

 decently cultivated a dwarf pear tree or any other 



Visitor.— 1% teems to me if they had not borne 

 l pear the increased value of the trees, being now 

 n a healthy, vigorous state, of handsome form, 

 ind covered with fruit buds, would well compeu- 

 mte for all the labor bestowed u] ion them. But, 

 mi in pursuit of knowledge, I wish to under- 

 I what you mean by the "ordinary good cul- 

 " which these trees have received. 

 itor.— After planting, a good coat of manure 

 placed over the ground, for some distance 

 around the tree. This remained until late in 

 the summer, when it was forked in, and before 

 severe frost another coat of manure was given, 

 which remained until spring, when that was 

 forked in, und another top-dressing added. — 

 This was continued until the spring of 185G, 

 when the place was disposed of, and since 

 Hint lime, a little hoeing up of the weed*, und 

 occasionally, perhaps, a little manure has been 

 the amount of the labor bestowed upon them 

 I forgot to mention the pruning. While in 

 my possession they were pruned every sprin-.', 

 to obtain a good form, and to increase the 

 growth of wood. 



Visitor. — These trees, I observe, stand but 

 eiL'ld feet apart. Is that tbe proper distance? 

 Editor — It would be rather close for or- 

 chard planting, but you will observe that 

 Hip-.: trees, standing each side of a wide 

 avenue, although eight feet from each other 

 one way, are more than twelve the other, 

 which affords ample room, at least for the 

 promt Perhaps, however, time will show 

 that ten or twelve feet apart would have been 

 a belter distance, for if they continue to grow 

 the next ten years as they have tbe seven 

 years post, they will be much crowded. 



Visitor. — la it possible that pear trees do as 

 well in other places as lure, with the same 

 culture? If so, I see no cause of complaint. 

 But, may they uot in other localities require 

 far better culture? 



Editor. — A man may struggle again* 

 or two obstacles and conquer, whilst a greater 

 number would overwhelm bim. The sa 

 true of a tree. A tree planted in a good, dry, 

 mellow soil, well suited to its growth. \u I 

 . ■ 



Tne Annual Mooting of the Fruit Growers' Si 



rn Xt* York\% to beheld in thi 



city to-morrow, (Tuesday.) Wc will give a report 



of all proceedings of interest next week. 



LEAF BLIGHT.— CRACKING OF THE P EAK . 



oB : 



i ]].,-, 



articles on that interesting question, the Cause of 

 the Crocking of iht /tar, and the E 

 While on a visit, in the month of July last, li> a 

 valued friend, the well known Horticulturist, Wll. 

 Chorlto.v, of Statcn Island, our ooori 

 attention wee directed to this subject, and we 

 spent some time in looking into end u 

 the cause of the leaf blight in !'■.... 

 Chorlton incliued to the opinion that the spots on 

 the leaves (usually called blight) were mainly 

 caused through atmospheric influence, while I WU 

 incliued to think it the work of some minute insect, 

 (but neither one of us was very confident in his 

 opinion.) We examined pretty thoroughly the 

 leaves in oil their different stages of growth, which 

 indicated tbe least signs of disease, commencing 

 with those which were fully matured, when we 

 found on the under surface of the majority of 

 leaves which underwent our inspection, unall 

 globules of a clear liquid. These, on being punc- 

 tured with the sharp point of a penknife, caused 

 the liquid to spread, and from the centre of each 

 globule thus dispersed started a very minute 

 insect, exceedingly quick in its movement. From 

 its small size and the want of n lens of sufficient 

 capacity, wc were unable at that time to determine 

 anything about its character, but of one fact wc 

 had ocular demon -hut ion. ih;it wherever the glob- 

 ules were removed the epidermic of that portion 

 of the leaf which they occupied was entirely eaten 

 away ; and it also became apparent that where these 

 globules had disappeared of themselves, brown look- 

 ing blotche-i appnind in thtir place*, which seemed 

 identical with those known as loaf blight. In our 

 examination of the young and tender shoots where 

 the leaves were but partially developed, which 

 were covered with I he siuncbrowu looking blotches, 

 wc discovered, on stripping these leaves from the 

 stem, numbers of these minute insects starting 

 from their axils. This was the result of our inves- 

 tigations at that time. 



Now my own conclusions arc simply these— that 

 these minute insects are the primary cause of the 

 disease, from the fact that wherever tbe epidermis 

 of the leaf is eaten away, or becomes in any way 

 injured, decomposition of the part so injured must 

 to a certain extent ensue, Hence, the leaf becomes 

 in a fit state und liable to be attacked at any 

 moment by the parasitic fungus which has been 

 committing such ravages among the finer kinds 

 of our Pears, mid winch if not immediately checked 

 after it is found to exist, soon spreads nearly over 

 tbe whole tree. That it is a fungus or mildew, as 

 it is called, I feel pretty certain, for on an exami- 

 nation which I made tast summer with Mr. Pinnkv, 

 of Brockport, of some Pear trees ( White Doyennes) 

 belonging to that gentleman, which were thus 

 affected, I became fully convinced that it was as 

 clear a case of mildew as I had ever seen, and Mr- 

 Pinxey was of the same opinion. 



Now for the Remedy, which I would recom- 

 mend, audit is one which I have recommended 

 and applied for a number of years past, and 

 always with success, to other kinds of trees nud 

 plants for the eradication of mildew in what- 

 ever shape. Procure a good water-tight barrel; 

 throw in about a peek of fresh lime and four or 

 five pounds of sulphur; pour over the whole half 

 a dozen pails of boiling water; stir all well to- 

 gether. Then cover over the top of the barrel two 

 or three thicknesses of coarse canvass; let it stand 

 undisturbed for twenty-four hours, and the liquid 

 will be ready for use. Take about a pint of the 

 liquid and throw into a pail of rain-water, stirring 

 it well ; take a garden m i inge and give the trees a 

 good syringing, and continue the application once, 

 or not more than twice, a week, uptil the mildew 

 disappears. I do not positively assert that this 

 will eradicate the mildew on Pears, but as I have 

 before stated, I have tried it on almost every other 

 kind of trees thus affected, and always with the 

 utmost success. At any rate, it is worth a trial. 



Rochester, N. T., 1983. TV. W. 



GROWING CAULIFLOWERS. 



Messrs. Eniroits :— I hare been interested in the 

 articles you have published on Cauliflowers, and 

 there is no reason why they should not be as com- 

 mon in our gardens as Cihl.uoo. but to grow them 

 in perfection we must start right. The plants can 

 be started as you recommend in your last number, 

 cither in a hot-bed or on the south side of a fence 

 or building; but if plants are raised in a hotbed 

 they come into heading during the heat of sum- 

 mer, and instead ul forming n huge, compact head, 

 it is small, and splits up into small sprouts. If 

 raised on the south side of a building or fence, the 

 heat and shelter yon seek for your plants is also a 

 shelter and harbor for the fly, and few will be the 

 plants you will have left for transplanting. The 

 open ground the north side of an open board fence, 

 or the west side of a building or tight board fence 

 is perhaps the best place, out of doors, but the 

 surest and best way is to raise them under a cold 

 frame. If you have nol hot-bed sash and frame, a 

 common window sash will do. Make a frame of 

 inch boards, 12 inches high behind and <i in front; 

 cut notches in the stiles mid lower part of the sash, 

 to let the water run off, or when the sun shines it 

 will operate as a lens, and burn your plants. Sow 

 in drills 3 inches apart; when up, air freely, and 

 frequently stir the earth with tbe fingers. Sow 

 from the 15th to SOth of April; transplant from 

 20th or May to 1st of June. This is the way I have 

 raised them for the lost seven years, and ycu can 

 tell, Mr. Editor, with what success. The Early 

 Jhris and Largs Late Ltnormand are the best 



I .,! itics The iced Is impoi ted, it. v. 



Rochester, Jan., ISM. 



Remarks. — The above is from one who has raised 

 most excellent Cauliflower, as we have the very 

 best reason to know. Wc presented him, a good 

 many yean BgO, with the first Bttrtp FuriM Cauli- 

 flower seed brought to thii pari of the country. 

 The objection to planting in a sheltered p. ii ii, 



on account of insects, is good, t 



place is almost absohrh !v necessary in some locali- 

 ties to produce plant- ready to transplant by the 

 middle of May or first of June, Qnless the Cold 

 frame is made use of, as recommended. We hope 

 the time is not far distant when more attention 

 will be given to this truly d.- li.-j...;- . .- . ■ ■.;. |. 

 by amateurs and 



FLOWER SEEDS. 

 JTiCED in a late number of the Ritral a oom- 

 Bttion from R. B., Preston, C. W., with tbe 



following question:—- Is it really n 



pay the extra | ■ ■ i: S Bi am, 



and are they really more reliable than ordinary 



seedsmen (of respectability) ate in the habit of 



selling?" Also a call upon correspondents from 

 yourself, to give an account of their saoeesa with 



the seeds named. 

 Allow me to gWe B B." my c cperience for the 



st two seasons. In the first, 1 p 

 seeds of a Boston company of long standing and 



of respectability." One half the lot, and those 

 the ehoic.st kinds, failed to germinate. I cannot 

 think it my fault, for I distributed the seeds among 

 several friends, and they had no better success. 

 Those that did grow were of the most ordinary 

 kind. Last season I purchased of H K Bliss. 

 and as I have previously informed your readers, 

 out of twenty or thirty packets not one was a fail- 

 ure. And such beautiful specimens of Pausies, 

 Asters, Stocks, Balsams, Ac, hud never before been 

 seen in this vicinity. The Asters, particularly, 

 were the admiration of every one. Strangers in 

 passing, frequently slopped to ask for my method 

 of raising such Asters. I could ouly refer them to 

 my seedsman. 



But, Mr. Editor, it was news to me that the 

 prices charged by Mr. Bliss are "extra," I paid 

 no more for mine than for the worthless trash from 

 Boston, aud I have compared lii i prjcei I Catalogues 

 with all others published in New England, and 

 with TnoBt rn's, in New York, aud can find no 

 material difference. l. n. j. 



Colchester, Vt., 1858, 



RRMAnKs.^The jirice of flower or any garden 

 seeds is a matter of little consequence. First rate 

 seeds are cheap at almost any price, and poor ones 

 are dear for nothing. Too many of the flower 

 seeds sent out by our commercial seedsmen, \ 

 have good reason to know are worthless, and 

 mutters but little whether thev grow or not. 

 own seeds wc have imported from ("Vance for many 

 years. Some years ago one of our seedsmen pre- 

 sented us with a collection of seeds, and was 

 surprised that we should inform bim that wc would 

 not cucumber our ground with (hem. Wedirccted 

 him to a source in Europe where he could obtain 

 such as would do him credit and please hi; 

 tomers, since which tune he lias kept us good seeds 

 as any in the country. We have seen some i 

 out by the establishment indieuted (hat did 

 come up to our standard, but as a general thing 

 we believe they have given the very best satisfac- 

 tion. Other establishments, for aught we know, 

 may do as well, but there is a lack of enterprise oi 

 honor, or something, among our seed-dealers, oi 

 they would never send out such trash as the 

 country is flooded with. They should obtain the 

 choicest, and charge accordingly; but many seem 

 content to send out the same old things,— single 

 Asters and Lady-slippers, and Love-lies-bleeding, 

 and other trash — from year to year, without the 

 least idea of progress or improvement. Of late 

 years English florists have given particular 

 tion to the improvement of /follykoeks and Sweet 



William.';, and the former is now grown as double 

 and almost as beautiful as the rose, while the latter 

 is so much improved as to seem almost like a 

 and is certainly a most lovely flower. Whoever 

 should buy seeds of these at most of the stores, 

 and plant them, expecting to obtain these improved 

 sorts, we fear would be sadly disappointed. Per- 

 haps the fault is partly with the people, who are 

 too apt to purchase cheap things without much 

 inquiry as to the quality. But in this respect 

 seedsman are far behind the nurserymen. They 

 obtain, by the very first steamer, any thing n 

 valuable that appears in Europe, regardless of 

 cost; and he who can obtain any desirable plant 

 season in advance of others considers himself 

 exceedingly fortunate. 



RKUAnia.— The questi 



ana asked by our corrcs- 



pondent were answered i 



i the Rural of last week. 



To aid, however, in givin 





to iL- appearance, we %i\ 



e above a drawing of this 



hue squash, from a spec 



men now before us. 



QbOWIKQ Radishes in Coal Asiiiis. — A gentle- 

 man of Hamilton, N. V., writes— "The soil in this 

 vicinity is altogether unsuited for growing Bad- 

 ishes. I however, raised them excellent the past 

 year by sowing the seed in coal ashes. The radish 

 grows vigorously, withuut injury from the worm." 



Horticulture is Oregon-. — From tbe Oregon 

 Farmer, we see that a State Fruit Crow ers Society 

 has been established in Oregon. It was organized 

 at Salem, on the Uoth of October. One exhibition 

 of fruits presented *jij varieties of apples, 1-t of 

 pears, 3 of grapes, and several varieties of plums. 

 There wus quite an interesting discussion on ap- 

 ples. The special favorites seemed to be the Red 



June, Early Harvest, Rambo, Oravensteio, Yellow 

 Newtown Pippin, Wine Sep, White VI inter J'ear- 

 muin and Esopoj Spitr.enburg. The pears spoken 

 of with most favor was the Beitlett.Ssckel, Winter 

 Nelis, Vicar of Winkfield ami Faster Beurre.— 

 lUnvir, of 

 I . I ■■ •■ 



— V. N TSRSXi Trtaxtrtf — Joseph Cox, of 

 Morion. 



. | 

 in Dllnou We will give notes of proceedings in 

 a future number. 



PUDDING, C0BH BREAD, COLORING RECIPES 



Ens. Rdral:— Wc have been subscribers to your 

 paper from its commencement until the present 



and look upon it as one of the oi 

 pondages of home. The variety 0T ,, 

 renders it indeed a Family paper, and thi i Itimn 

 devoted to Domestic Economy is particular!! in- 

 teresting to meas a housekeeper. Ithaicontained 

 many useful suggestions that have prorod roluabU 

 , and I could think of no better way lo ex- 

 press my thankfulness to my sister contributors 

 than to add my mite to the list of recipes. 



I send you one for a pudding nhich we think hj 

 very good. Make a crust in the lame manner as 

 (br Dice -li.o ! b scnit, with the addition of an egg, 

 regulating the quantity to the sire or the family. 

 Roll a portion of the crust to one fourth of an inch 

 in thickness, line a deep pudding dish with it- 

 have ready some apples pared and sliced, put in 

 a layer of apples, sprinkle on them some fat salt 

 pork chopped fine, add a very little water, and sea- 

 son with sugar nud spice ns you like an ipple pie, 

 then roll n thin layer of crust and In over, then 

 put in another layer of apple, pork, an \ 

 before, llien cover again with cnist. Hake in a 

 moderate oven two hours— take it &W 

 and dampen Ihe top crust and cover it close lo 

 steam fifteen or twenty minutes before cai ryinfl to 

 the table. 



IkdIAS Corn Brkad. — Place a kettle ovor the 

 lire With four quarts water, and when it is scalding 

 hot, stir in corn meal as thick as you can, con- 

 veniently ; take it off before boiling I lei \\ 



away to cool. When it is sufficiently cool, mix in 

 with the hand a pint of rye flour, or wheat canail, 

 and four tablespoon fuls of molasses. I put mine 

 in the oven, previously heated, about three o'clock 

 P. M., aud bake fast until it is browned OTor, then 

 bake very slow, and let stand in until wonted lor 

 breakfast. It will generally keep warm through 

 tbe night, and wc think is excellent. 



I have noticed requests iu the late number of 

 the Rural for sonic recipes for coloring. I have 

 some called good for coloring scarlet with cochi- 

 neal. For C lbs. cloth, take 4 02. cochineal, liuely 

 powdered; 2 oi. quercitron bark j put is or., chlorid 

 of tin into a brass kettle, water sufficient for the 

 goods, let it come to a boiling bear, put in the 

 goods and let stand lo minute*, then take out and 

 put in the cochineal and bark, boil l.'i minutes, 

 then put in the cloth and stand half an hour. 

 When cool scour in soap suds. It will not change 



Coloring Cottox Red.— Take 1 lb. peaebwood, 

 boil 2 hours, dissolve 5 oi. alum iu hot water, put 

 in the goods, let stand 15 minutes, lake out the 

 cloth, keep warm un hour or two, and let it leinnin 

 in over night— rinse in wurm water. Thil will 

 color 2 lbs. cloth. A SuasciiiOKR. 



Leonardsville, Mad. Co,, N. Y., 1858. 



THE ART OF PATCHING. 



TnK operation of patching requires far more 

 skill thau docs the making of a new garment, aud 

 when well executed may save the purchase of 

 many a costly one; the most expensive robe may, 

 by accident, be torn, or spotted, the first day of its 

 wear— and tbe piece inserted in lieu of the dam- 

 aged part is a patch. If a figured material, tbe 

 pattern must be exactly matched ; m all coses the 

 insertion must be made without pucker, and the 

 kind of seam must be such as, though strong, will 

 be least apparent — the corners must also be turned 



III n 



This 





ing. So of darning; much i 

 sary as to the Dumber of threads to be left by the 

 needle, according to the kind of fabrics, and 

 there is also the kind of thread or yarn most suita- 

 ble to be determined. Where the article n i ours*-. 

 the chief attention in directed to expedition, but a 

 ally article of embroidery on mustiu can only bo 

 well darned with raveling* of a similar muslin. 

 The stocking Stitch is neither more difficult nor 

 tedious than tbe darn, yet many pairs of 

 stockings are lost fur wunl of knowing it, when a 

 hole happens to be above the shoe. Practice in 

 ititches is desirable, particularly for repairing 

 of costly description. The deficiency of a 

 single loop, when luce is to be washed, often be- 

 large hole during the operation, and the 

 beauty of the lace is destroyed. The shawl-stitch 

 me which, when employed with ravelins. I from 

 shawl itself, can be used to repair Ihe moat 

 coBtly cashmere, without a possibility of di, cover- 

 ing the inserted part. — Cincinnati Hiudls. 



Breaii-Makikq. — I think I can improve a. little 

 upon "A Young Mexican's" mode of making good 



bread. Take ei^lit good sized potatoes, pan and 



slice them, then boil— when done, mnsh iii m Inn-, 

 and while hot add the same bulk of sifted flour as 

 of potatoes. Add a little cool water and stir to a 

 thick batter, then add a little salt, and when milk- 

 warm stir in one cake of "Hopkin"s Yeast Com- 

 pound" (previously dissolved in j little robin 



I'.IV. 









■ning — then lake this Bponge for wotting and 

 1 ' EttfllU your dough. When worked nnlli- 

 mako loaves, place them in pons, and in a 

 little while they will be light enough to bake. Al- 

 ways sift your flour before using. If you fail to 

 have good bread it will be some mismanagement of 

 your own. A Lover or Goon Bbmd. 



To Boill a Tckket— Remove the Oeah from the 

 bone with a sharp knife, scraping it doWBH 

 being careful not lo cut itto] 

 wings, and do not tear or break the ikin, la 



tbe llesh finin the loe.i-t, bach, and thighs. 1 



i-y the neck, from the flc-b, then -dull 



ii a oil .i ■ i . ■ ■ ling preprint] in ii" 1 ■ imo foi 



turkey. If there are any broken 

 i' up Bake it about three hours 



