r-^z 



MARCH 19. 



MOORE'S RURAL HEW-YORKER. 





>HORTICULTUBA^ 



SPHIBO AKD SPRING WORK. 



Braino weather is fairly wilbua. To-doy(March 

 Hlh) the air is mild and balmy, and the thermom- 

 eter marks 6(1'. Snow DfCpt, in warm silunlinns, 

 hard been in flower for about U-n day* The 

 Qnau* ore just beginning to show their golden 

 flower*, anil are doing u good tlrnl to make the par- 

 den look gay and apriug-ltke. The Cloth <•/ Gold 

 in a gem, on account of its earlincsn. and rich, 

 golden color, relieved by a beautiful dark sliipe.— 

 Many per*on« destroy the effect of the Croc ut and 

 Other early spring flowers, by neglecting lo clear 

 up thnr gardens until laic in tbeseason. With the 

 walks oil littered o*cr, their edges ragged and 

 overgrown with grass, a ml every tiling laying round 

 in confusion, the pleasure that would be afforded 

 by thee bright harbingers of spring is lust. 



i . .-. inude their appearance, we are told, 



about the 8th, but we first saw them on the lltb, 

 and MutbirfoQu the Utfa. 



Tin //„!-/:< J, for tbe making aDd management of 

 178 full directions in the lost two num- 

 bers, should be attended to at once. Tbose who 

 are not disposed to undertake the care of a Hot- Bed, 

 can start celery, tomato and other plan's for trans- 

 planting, as well us annual flowers, and also raise 

 a few early radishes, lettuce, Ac, in a Culd Frame, 

 made as directed fur a JIvt-Rtd frame, but without 

 manure. This forms a kind of email green house, 

 and will be found very useful with but little expense 



Readers in want of good Flower and Vegetable 



Seed* will do well to notice the liberal offers made 



A little effort will enable any one to 



secure a line cullcctinn «\ .seeds, nod at the some 

 time do his neighbors a great good. 



CIRCULATION OF SAP. 



Kr.s. Kii 



s of the 



Uahi 





hofFeb.,L. B. 



ie in formation 



rill offer a few rei 



bly may afford him and others si 



!'■■■! .- I li .hi n. .in ! ■■■ 



with other seedj ia planted on inch or so beneath 



the surface of the soil, and the other conditions fa- 

 vorable to germination follow, in u few iluvs, the 

 leaves and slum will shoot upwards into the air, 

 ond the root strike downward, into the soil. The 

 opjuiHilc directions tnken by the root aud the stem, 

 Ore controlled, aud directed by laws as certain and 

 fixed us are those that govern the movements of 

 the plaoote, 



i ■ ■■ .. ■ du, the root, blade, loaves, Ac., are fed 

 by the decom poking ingredient* of Loop 



. IhH Innd I 



"ll llll 



1 the 



i tin; 



I Hie 





s food und means of growth. Uy this 

 time tlir roots have been endowed with the prop- 

 el 1 1 oi absorbing flic water of the soil and trans- 

 porting it through the pores of the woody structure 



of the plant to the leave*, und at the same time, the 

 leaves have acquired the power of taking iu the 

 eai i acid of the air, decomposing it, oud return- 

 ing the carbon to build up its woody, or carbona- 

 ceous structure. 



The spongy terminations of the roots of plants 

 ore covered with a thin membrane, and they pos- 

 sess, through this membrane, the power of draw- 

 ing or sucking up the water of the soil, and of forc- 

 ing it through the minute pores of the tree to its 

 topmost leaves, aud some of the trees in California 

 arc more than 850 feet high. The water absorbed 

 by the loot* lipids in solution, in very mimite quanti- 

 ties, the various earthy ingredients found in the 

 ash of burned plauts. In the leaves of the tree, or 

 plant, a very large portion of the water, (crude sop 

 taken np by the roots! is evaporated through the 

 pores of the leaves, aud the condensed or true sap, 

 descend! between the bark and wood of Irees, nud 

 (onns the new layer or annular ring of the tree. 



™7i I n exactly imitnle the ascent of the water 

 from the soil, through the pores of the tree to its top- 

 most leaves, or in other words, cause Water to 

 voluntarily "run up hill" Still the cause of the 

 ascent of the up i, ao | the more clear that we can 

 iuniiiie ii by an artificial experiment. 



s ' f ■' ■ tinoo, 1" rn fitted up acheap 



instrument, which enabled him to pretty nearly 

 comply with all the conditions regulating the as- 

 cent of sap in trees, Ac. The conditions attending 

 the use of the sup in trees, I will attempt to de- 

 scribe; as also the instrument with which we can so 

 readily imitate the ascent of the sap, or water, from 

 tbe soil to the extremity of every green branch 

 and twig, bud and leaf of the tallest tree. 



The soil contains water ; the roots of plants pen- 

 etrate the soil, in \ anon- directions, and to vari- 

 W I depths; and the ends of the roots are covered 

 with a Urn-Ilk*, or membraneous envelop, which, 

 as already stated, possesses the poWftJ i 



' tho soil. The plont contains sap, 

 holding in solution mineral and othei sub fauces, 

 so that it:, q tbttu |]ot o{ 



1 1 1'" root,, U,!v and branches 



ith minut, tubes or pore. 

 '^"PP-ssesfromtherooUtothe 

 The instrument imitating tl lc nbove CWMUtioni( 

 was as follows : - I took a tabula. 



Of ibis was tied, drumhead-Uk.-. i p,.,,. ,. { |Vj_ 

 bladder; in the opening of the cup at tbe ton ra- 

 il with a hole; into thi 

 wnall g]»M tube about sixteen niches long, p re - 

 Ihfl lube of a thenuoin. ... 



With water sweetened with 

 molaucs, and placed in a vessel containing clear 



, ll.,- . :|- 



ie level. The sweetened water 

 ■ 



water in the TOW I 

 ; that in the i 

 bladder over the bottom of the 



THE "ALLEN RASPBERRY.- 



"A pretty sort of country this," said Ta*g Ut , 

 just after landing, " that a ginilemau can't say uud 



bia ears, and a threat of ibe bilboes"— r»J«"JsF- 

 rRETS." Badenongh. friend A; 

 go il too strong— neck and heels, and body, and all. 

 Fie-fie. my friend, how cun you let your temper no 

 iber truth. Fur myself. I hoped 





eformed, and left off tl 



nek.. 



BEURRE SITPERFIN FEAR. 



i somo time we have been aware that this 

 excellent pear, of which we now present our 

 renders a fine engraving, was not appreciated by 

 fruit growers, ond that not half its merits were re- 

 corded in the fruit books. It was with the greatest 

 pleasure that we observed this opinion corroborated 

 by all those who spoke on the subject at the last 

 ting of the American I'omologicalSociely.when 

 excellent pear was unanimously recommended 

 for general cultivation, both vh the p<m- mid the 

 quince, the President declaring that it was "oue of 

 ie best in the catalogue— there might be an equal, 

 it could be no superior." 



Tha tree is beautiful in appearance, an excellent 

 grower, and great bearer. Our engraving shows 



only a medium sized specimen, and it often grows 

 to a very large size. Skin yellow, slightly shaded 

 with crimson on the sunny side, and partially 

 covered with russet, aud thickly sprinkled with 

 minute dots. Slulk stout, from three-fourths to ao 

 inch iu length, inserted without depression by a 

 fleshy enlargement. Calyx closed, in an abrupt, 

 small basin. Flesh exceedingly juicy, buttery, 

 melting, with a brisk, vinous, or sub-acid flavor. 

 Ripe all of October. 



In the Report of the Massachusetts Pomological 

 Committee, Dr. Eden Wight, tbe Secretary, says 

 the Bairn Superfm is "of the first quality, but 

 not yet a prolific bearer." Our observation in re- 

 gard to its bearing qualities is the reverse of this. 



one of the ends of the roots, ond 

 B pores of the tree,— now for the 

 result. The cupping-glass was filled with the 

 eelencd water, and placed in the vessel contain- 

 ing clear water — this was done about one o'clock, 

 afternoon. The next morning the sweetened water 

 ckling over the top of the 16-inch tube, and 

 inued to do for ten days and nights in succes- 

 But, curious to note, the sweetened water 



and at the same time the clear water passed into 

 tbe cup in larger quantity, the lighter liquid fore- 

 one over the top of the tube. Hud 

 been kept in operation till the water 

 within ond without had become of the same spe- 

 cific gravity, theu it would have ceased to rise, 

 growing tree, clothed with foliage, this 

 happen. The leaves ore continually ex- 

 haling aqueous vapor, as one of their constant 

 ;imes in very large quantity. — 

 The sap, therefore, when it reaches the leaves, is 

 concentrated and thickened, and rendered more 

 by the separation of the water, so that when 

 il descends to the root ond again begins its upward 

 admit of large dilution before its 

 density-can be so fur diminished as to approach the 

 eiuiipiiratively pure water Which is absorbed from 

 the soil. 

 I am fully aware, that in the foregoing, I have 

 iled to satisfactorily answer Mr. iUsi.v's queries, 

 — there is no effect, without an adequate cause. 

 The world is full of facts, but we are unable to tell 

 the " why and the wherefore" of their being facts. 

 There is no more mystery connected with the fact, 

 that the rootlets of plants can take up water from 

 that an animal con suck up water 

 from a river or a spring. It rcquires/orcw to per- 

 form either. But what are those forces: who can 

 telllf will it do to say these forces act in accor- 

 dance to the laws of Nature ( what are these lows 

 of Nature? 



The circulation of the sap in plants, and the ep- 

 ilation of the blood in animals, are ,-omewhat 

 lalagous. The circulation of the blood in man is 

 carried on, as independent of the mind of muu, as 

 sup in the plants. Iu both cases they are 

 governed by certain and fixed lows — and for the 

 of a better term, we call them the lows of 

 e. Levi Bartlktt. 



ner, N. ]!., Feb., 1969. 



CRANBERRIES AND THEIR CULTURE. 



i -Presuming that a dish of Cran- 

 berries will not be unacceptable to you, or un article 

 Cranberry Culture uuiutercsting to your reod- 

 , especially your new ones, I forward to you the 

 former, und for them tbe latter. 



SOBi Anti'TED TO CoAMJKIlltV RAISING,— Low, 



swampy lands, in my opinion, ore preferable. Na- 

 herself seems to leach this lesson. Travel 

 from Maine to Minnesota and you will meet with 

 the cranberry growing in a state of nature only in 

 swamp, or on its margin. You will also 

 tmd that ii has selected a swamp which is likely to 

 Ut throughout the season, thus showing its 

 great affinity for water. The swamp commends 

 itself to the would-bc-cultivolor of the cranberry 

 jbl another reason, viz:— that in its natural stale it 

 >» generally usele.-s for other purposes; and to fit 

 it for other purposes would requires greater outlay 

 *n lofitit for cranberry raising. For the latter, 

 ' -uih,, tnt number of drains to re- 



sary, hut, in my opinion, detrimental. Then again, 

 the. ease with which most swamps can be (lowed 

 during fall, winter and spring, gives the cultivator 

 on advantage over weeds, which, on dry land, are 

 not only more annoying, but can only bo kept in 

 check by a pi ■ fie* or some 



equivalent. To accomplish this, one has only to 

 close the outlets of bis drains in full as soon as the 

 crop is gathered, and let them remain closed until 

 tbe return of warm ivoailier in the spring — a course 

 which I would recommend wherever it is practica- 

 ble. When this can bo done, very little, if any, 

 weeding t hoeing will he needed. 



Mode of Culture.— Having drained the land as 

 already intimated, thosi portions on which the 

 water formerly remained most of the year, will 

 usually be sufficiently clean for the immediate 

 introduction of tbe plant. That part covered with 

 n thick sod, I pare off, aud throw the sods into 

 heaps for decomposition, — the result of which forms 

 an excellent manorial preparation for fruit trees. 

 In the clean surface thus exposed, I make shallow- 

 parallel trenches eighteen inches or two feet apart, 

 and iu the trenches place my vines varying from 

 one to eight feet in length. A slight covering 

 every six or eight inches, completes the work of 

 transplanting, At each point so covered, roots 

 will be formed, and new vines will shoot off. Set 

 in such soil, no loss from drouth need be feared.— 

 In two or three years they will cover tbe ground. 

 Being an evergreen, the month of May is a very 

 good time, if not the best, for transplanting. If 

 set in the foil, having no time to root, they are lin- 



Pbolific Qualities.— My variety, the Low Land 



Bell, la an annual bearer, aud will produce fruit the 

 same year in which the plants are set. From afew 

 rods of ground set last May, I last full gathered a 

 half bushel, for some of which I received tbe first 

 premium at our last State Agricultural Fair. Some 

 of the fruit which I send you is from tbe half 

 bushel above mentioned. In four years my crop 

 has increased from seveu to sixty bushels. Con- 

 sideriug that the price of this fruit per bushel is 

 rarely less than $3, and is frequently as high as 

 $4 50, is there not here an incentive to effort on tbe 

 part of all who may possess swamps of the charac- 

 ter herein intimated I A few dollars expended on 

 these waste, unsightly places, will make them the 

 most profitable portions of their farms. Drain 

 them and transplant to cranberries, and you will 

 make the desert in summer "blossom as the rose," 

 and in autumn wear the crimson of a dessert which 

 kings, as well as all good housewives may well 

 covet. Noble Hill. 



Colon, Steuben Co., N. T., ISM. 





■ Ot ; 



Tho subject wn» discusser 





H.ier.ui u of m> poeUasl boneflk-a, fowtoUlt, Ot. 

 Littlr. we think, i* gained by grafting in th 



propagation of gni|"--i >" f"><-, <i. mu-t ixiIk. 



vorielie, ntnH ,,-rv I:, n 



I 



inches in h't.'gth. I'' ■'""* e.irlie, 



1 



■.-lir i 



bleed, and t . ■ ■ ' 



'■■ b ■■:■■ i-arelnl ili.il 'lo- 

 bar k of the scion comes iti contact with tb^i of IJ't- 



tgUUttb 



Didn't gel them of Mr. Soman! "A'.rfr had a 

 Rotpbtn-y plant of W. H. Soth.m." D«d memory, 

 Mr. Allln I know, so far as observation permit- 

 ted— which has always been abundant ;.- also 

 your admissions in fuiit talk* — you Offer hat 

 a Raspberry plant within t!te past ten year* 

 other than lour present lut from Mr. >.nn.«r- 

 ground. Why, my good friend, had you a Hasp 

 berry— even an odd one. the welkin would hav, 

 rung its presence— the llvrtUulturtit would hav. 



id heard of it, too. Now. tins is loi 



icatir and milk story to beed (tap 



laSftM linauae. Your usual abuse 



be expected, any 



YANKEE BHOWN BREAD. PEES, le. 



Ens. Rc(UL:-Bein g milC h interested in your 

 column of " Domestic Economy," I hove concluded 

 to offer a few recipes, hoping ihey will be occept- 



irunll like 





! would be an exception, not often i 



I -Ug 



Never saw my plants in bearing 1" True, i 

 Inner did; neither have von, I fancy, more th 

 a few odd fruits. When 1 last saw your plan 

 which was at your especial request, to delermi 

 whether or no they were not the " EadtOn fltV* 

 Anluerp," you made an estimate that they ' 

 yield 30 quarts per row. Did Ihey yield the thirty 

 quarts t No, air. You stated they had fail 



Now, sir, the simple statement I made i 

 Roral, as to their origin, was truthful in 

 respect, and I simply desired that il should i 

 its own proper name, hoping my friend and i 



bor would thank me for refreshing his memory in 

 a matter so necessary to the public weal. Desi: 

 uf learning from Mr. Sotnm under what nam 

 got them, he writes,— "I oblniued the Red ( 

 UasptK-iry of which you speak, and torn* 

 nhich ] tjave to Mr. Allen", of Mr Kr.i.rur- 

 Cleveland. Mr. Elliott will tell you from whence 

 the Raspberry sprung, as he wrote me at the 

 but I have forgotten." On writing Mr. Elliot, he 

 soys,—" The Raspberry sent to Mr. Sothaii is the 

 ' /'o/.v AW. I'ltifir/i,' lon^ cultivated by the market 

 irardeners of (.'le.vland, and I presume is the sai 

 as the 'Allen Ra'pbtrry.' It ia a good old so: 

 nothing new. and can be bought at Cleveland 

 any quauiity at $15 to $20 per thousand." So 

 much, Messrs. Editors, for the " AlUn Riwpbemj," 

 Muijiia at VtrUat, rt priititiUln!. 



HARDY FRUIT TREES. 



Ens. Ruiia 



the West, I would say that I have lived here 

 twenty years, and having made the subject of fruil 

 culture a special study, fee] qualified to speak of 

 some varieties at least. I consider the J'.'ni/hth 

 Qolden Burnt ihebttt apple fbro Western ore 

 being the best tbr/orm, thrtfMneu, and hora 

 oftrce, and quality of fruit. The fruit requn 

 be barreled, otherwise it will wilt. The folic 

 sorts I consider good fruit, and the trees an 

 fectly hardy : 



Sumvia-— Carolina June, Sops of Wine. 



Autumn— A\>t\<.tut\ BtKgwberrr, Fameuse, Bailey 

 Sweet, Pound Sweeting. 



Winttr— Herefordshire Pearmaiu, Yellow Bell- 

 flower, Tolman Sweet, Rawles Janet, Winesap, 

 Red Romanitc, Cayuga Red Streak or Twenty 

 Ounce, aud Perry Russet, (RuwlesJunetand Red 

 Romanile will keep a year.] 



Tender— Full Pippin, Newton Pippin, Spitzen- 

 berg, White Winler Peannain, and Willow Twig, 

 have all winterkilled in my orchard. Golden 

 Sweet, Rambo, Hooking and Domiue are all g 

 fruit and good bearers, but were injured by 



Plums and Impnuud C/im-i.s have been a total 

 failure, as far as my acquaintance extends. I have 

 a FltJitUh Iknnty pear tiee, i standard,) set out It 

 1651, that appears to have passed the hard winter; 

 without injury. Two or three others were killed 



Kauy one can tell how to kill the Bark Lie, 

 where they cover large trees, I hope they will do so 



Diluvan, Wis., 1S59. Uobacb La Bao. 



Loons 



Cuestnut Seeds.- Will you, oi 

 ers, please Inform me through the 

 t«r*aro lo be treated, prevhJUJ ti 



■ii they should he sown? Alio, 

 e prepared for planting, 



. Uirnugli \ 





valuable paper, which it ihorii 



of perfection by anbacrlbers In 



Ingthe above you will oblige more than one besidci 



tho writer.— A, B- Mason, Sb-ykertvilte, If. F., 18S9. 



Locust seeds should be scalded before planting, 

 to soften the hard covering. Pour boiling water 

 upon them, and allow them to soak for at least 

 twenty-four hoors. Or, it would be better to pour 

 merely scalding water upon them, and allow it to 

 cool, repealing the operation at least three times 

 during one or two days. Then sow in a mellow, 

 prepared soil. Eqtm ChutnuU ehould be 

 planted in the fall, or kept in sand until spring. 

 Plant in good, mellow soil, and cover about two 

 inches deep. 



hapb GnowBiift' Association or Haiiuovos- 



r.— The Annual Meeting of this Association 



held on the 1st inst., and ihe following gcntle- 



wero elected officers for the ensuing year :— 



PreHdnt—Ussmt L. Larrowb ; Viet Ptaidtnt— 



B. P SxiTti ; Recording Stcrttury and Treasurer— 



T. M. You.vr.LOVr; Corre-tpondiny .' 



Y. Bakeh. The iieit meeting and exhibition is to 



be held in October next We will iu our next, 



some extracts from the proceedings of the 



mtmn, showing (he doiugs of iu members in 



the cultivation of the grape. 



« Wixrstt U*«,_ Slew t 

 '. grease tin pio ph 



To Dnr Pliii-i 

 pumpkin as for c 



and spread it oue inch thick and act Itwhereit 

 will dry without burning. When partly uncl | Cllo 

 turn it on the plates. When dry pnlaway msother 

 dried fruit. When yon wish to use it put it i„ coi d 

 waler and let it gradually heat. When soft it i» 

 ready for use. 



Punr-Ki* Pie — Three quarts of milk; S table- 

 spoonfuls of pumpkin ; 3 of flour; 1 of gingerand 

 4 egg. Mis the pumpkin, flour and eggs before 

 adding the milk. Sweeten to your losle. We pre- 

 fer molasses. This is sufficient for six pies, 



Swekt Potato Pte.— This is similar to pumpkin 

 pie. The potato should be washed elcm. boiled, 

 peeled, and mashed flue, or silted. Three eggs for 

 mx pies Sweeten Willi sugar aud season with 



Yankee Brown Breau— Mother sends the fol- 

 lowing recipe:— For two good sized lunve-, take -I 

 pints or large bowls of corn meal, poor on boiliug 

 water till well scalded. When cool, odd one pint 

 of yeast — mix !t with two bowls of rye flour, or 

 unbolted wheat. When light, bake in a slow oven 



—A Country Girl, rFomtl Co., Ohio, 1609. 



SODA BISCUIT, SODA CBEAM CAKE, fto. 





n Ik r 



I't< 



Soda Crkam Cake. — Tin ee eggs; 1 cup sugar; 

 1 of sweet rich cream ; 1 leaspoouful of cream tar- 

 tar; }( of soda; heat well together, 



Sposoe Cake.— Three eggs; 1 cup sugar; 1 of 

 (lour; 1 teaspoon ful cream tartar; dissolve }■{ tea- 

 spoon of saleratus in a tablespoon! ill of hot ler; 

 add to the cuke; stir briskly; bake quick. 



An Ino.uiiu.— Will some of the friends of the 

 Rural he kind enough to inform me of a remedy 

 to slacken cords, which arc contracted by rheuma- 

 tism; also, tho best way of obtaining oil out of 

 Sun-Flower seed, and oblige— A Fauueu's Daugh- 

 ter, Chtmung VaUey, X. Y., 1868. 



Lkmon Pis.— Herewith you have a recipe forsucA 

 a pie as hardly a reader of the Rural ever tasled— 

 Ibfl Igb numbered by lens of thousands. Fortwo, 

 take the graled peel of one lemon and the juice of 

 two; -J Ublespounfuls cream tartar; 2 of melted 

 butter; the yolks of -I eggs; 8 spoonfuls of sugar. 

 Bake until well done. The white of 4 eggs, and I 

 spoonfuls of sugar beaten to a stilt' froth aud 

 spread over the pic. Bake for three minutes, — : E. 

 W., MauachtuttU, 1859. 



Ice Cream— Will some of the RcasL readers 

 please give a recipe tor making lie Cream, as many 

 of them reside ut (he east where they have their 

 ice-houses, and no doubt enjoy that luxury to their 

 heart's eonlent. My husband has just finished an 

 ice-house, and I intend to try the comfort of it next 

 summer. I should he glad if sonic of my sisters 

 would give me the desired information. — E. Y. E., 

 Licking, Ohio, 1359. 



meg or cinuamou — a little salt. Line your pad- 

 ding di-h w it 1 1 a paste prepared as fur soda biscuit, 

 pour iu tbe nbove ingredients, place a few bits of 

 butter on the top — hake nearly on hour in a mod- 

 erate oven, stir it occasionally till it begins to 

 thicken.— C. M. M , Boehater, -V 1 . I ■' 



A Goon Salve. — I send you a first-rate recipe 

 for a salve that is good for cuts, burns, or any sore 

 where there is any inflammation :— Three ounces 

 of sweet oil; 2 of linseed oil ; 2 of red lead. Sim- 

 mer to a dark brown — to be made in new tin.— J. 

 . 1 )-., 18B9, 



Coloring Straw, oh Leghorn Bonnets - 

 some of the numerous lady readers of Ihe R 

 please give me a good recipe for coloring 



-Will 



Never pour hot waler irtoo gl"M tumbler, or 

 any glass vessel wilh a round bottom ; for the heat 

 of the water will cause Ihe bottom of tho gloss to 

 expand, while the sides, which are not heated, re- 

 tain their former dimensions. If the heat be suf- 

 ficient); great, the bottom will he forced from the 

 sides, and a enw* or flan will surround that part 

 of the gloss by which the sides are united to the 

 bottom. If the glass be previously washed with a 

 Utile van/i water, so that the whole is gradually 

 healed, arid therefore gradually expanded, then the 

 bot water may be poured in without danger. Who 

 1,„, not known practically thai very hot water will 

 break a glass tumbler? Now we learn the reason, 



philosophy of it. 



To Entirely Clear out the Reo Ant .— Wash 

 your shelves down clean, and while damp, rub fine 

 salt on them quite thick, and let it remain on for a 

 time, and they will disappear. 



If your flat irons are rough, rub them well v, 

 fine sail, and it will make I hem smooth. 



yon are buying a carpet for durability,; 



i ;, i 0|] tha hinge of doors v 



