APRIL 16. 



MOOB-E'S HU&JtL K3EW-YQRKER. 



127 



"Murderers do not on 

 utton holes. Villains seldom 

 ■ cottage doors." The reforming 

 influence of Horticulture is but little appreciated 

 even by the wisest and best, The people will have 

 amusement, nod if what can they engage more In- 



■ slanting, than Sd the cultivation of 

 and flowers. It has saved thousands 



in Europe from dissipation. When, as in various 

 parts or England, tin working people make a bobby 

 of a fruit or flower, u the Carnation, tiw Tolio or 

 the Gooseberry, they have but little time and little 

 disposition to Tisit tbo ale house. Our nursery- 

 men, in tbejt catalogues, advertise " the best Lan- 

 auhire tarittiea of GooxbcrritA." Not one in a 

 hundred, perhaps, is acquainted with the fact that 



unties are grown from seed by the 



Zmuubk* wearers, men who labor ten or twelve 

 hours a day, and make the growing of gooseber- 

 ries and the raising of new sorts a special bobby, to 

 which they devote every leisure moment. In some 

 districts the Carnation is the favorite, and in every 

 collage garden will be found most beautiful speci- 

 mens tended wilh tin- greatest rare, and happy as 

 a kiDg is be who carries off the prizes at the 

 shows, which are held very frequently during the 

 flowering season. The Jfalntm, the Ooel ■comb, the 



■ iab, or the AHtr, nre the especial fa- 

 vorites of others. Often the workmen of n particu- 

 lar shop or factor?, mnke I speciality of fl particu- 

 lar flower, contribute a smnU sum each to be offered 

 as a prize for the best specimen shown during the 

 season, and zealously contend for the prize. 



Cannot SOTJM (nob system be inaugurated in this 

 country! Can our young men in cities derive 

 pleasure only from drinking, smoking and driving 

 fast horses? Htisl our young women seek enjoy- 

 ment only in bulls, parties, gay dresses and rides? 

 ffsfetbi Qowora no onnrraa for the fair daughters 

 of America * The lime is not for distent, we hope, 

 when wc may bo able to say in the words of 



"In II. n 





Philanthropists are beginning to appreciate tho 

 reformatory influence of gardening. At a late 

 meeting of the British Association for the Advance- 

 ment of Science, the Bishop of Itipon said, that 

 "the Parish of Skiptou, in Yorkshire, England, 

 was inhabited, principally by a rude, unrefined, 

 and, to a considerable extent, immornl population, 

 when the Rev. Mr. Hoyd was appointed its rector. 

 The Ore) step he took towards their amelioration 

 and improvement was to lay out and plant a beau- 

 tiful flower-garden attached to the Rectory, to 

 which he gave free access to his parishioners at all 

 times, lie' oflerwiirdH encouraged eomeof them to 

 ornament the gardeus attached to their cottages by 

 gtnng them plants and seeds; nnd in the course of 

 • verv lew years, this rude population was, by the 

 kindly influence of horliculture and floriculture, 

 transformed into a most orderly, gentle and refined 



We have not read a more interesting article for 

 a long time than the following, which we cut from 

 tho London Cottage Gardener. The author is John 

 Haopk, a young man reared in the midst of pov- 

 erty and vice, nnd wonderfully saved. lie tells his 

 own story in a simple way, and we commend it to 

 the careful attention of every lover of his fellow 

 man. It may be necessary to explain that the 

 worl-hotut is the English poor-house, end a cadger 

 U one who goes around the streets picking up 

 bones, old rags, paper, Ac. 



11 lam not about U. pr.-ilne myself, |, u( B i mp |y lo ten a 



undo 



ive n.iilitns l' 





that I should have been 



L'nt before now, if Flora h 



« from amidst crime and 



»r» old, I was in tho workhomo ; from 



Tin ii. I h.cd among cadgers, itilevcsa 



i company. The 



air goddess n 



He workhouse school; so, 

 h " Culpeper," I spent the 

 *>ot »hopi iccklng book* 



' L ' " '» luippi. lie. I I,, I,,; 



Botany." I 



M.i|||, ic „ 





is botanical meeting* in Laneualn 

 U ulsjice,— Use (lend 

 e Ignorant ea-1 tor Informed . al , 

 i»gi are mostly ai Id 



CULTURE OF THE GRAPE.- No. VL 



iIessiis. Zanom— What kind cfcuUurttil 

 for Orapt Vinttt That which is best for grain 

 crops, and is sometimes called high /arming 

 Nothing pays betlcr for such treatment than tin 

 vine. For a vineyard let the land be weH drained 

 then plow one foot or more deep, and make the 

 soil rich that depth; then subsoil twenty or 

 ches deep. I think it safest and best to take up 

 id set vinos in the spring. Two-year old vines 

 ■e the beat age; set from twelve to sixteen feet 

 apart Plant the land to corn or potatoes, the 

 occupying the place for a hill of corn or 

 potatoes. Give them clean culture. For the second 

 crop I prefer beans, as they shade the vines less 

 and leave the ground smooth when the crop is 

 oft*. The next spring build trellises, and 

 the ground bare on each side of them, to train 

 nes. A few rows of beans may be planted 

 en tho trellises. The next or fourth season 

 ucs begin to bear fruit, and should have the 

 principal benefit of the soil. Let the surface be 

 left smooth this year. After this year give the vines 

 whole of the benefit of the -nil, mid then corn- 

 ice mulching for culture, by hauling foi est leaves 

 itraw, and spreading straw over theui to hold 

 m from being blowu away by heavy winds when 

 dry. Spread manure of all kinds ovu them, leached 

 inleached ashes, rich muck or mold. This 

 I lure keeps the ground rich and moist through 

 July and August, when the fruit needs n full sup- 

 ply of sap. 



With the arrangement I have given for trellises, 

 he team can pass through all parts of the vineyard 

 it aDy season of the year. The fruit on an acre of 

 ineynrd kept clean from weeds and grass by 

 nulching, will be found worth more than that of 

 wo acres kept clean by the plow and hoc. The 

 ■oots of the vine strike near the surface, and the 

 oil under my old ones, where the roots extend, 

 onnot be stirred more than two inches deep wilh- 

 >u t injuring the roots. 



To preserve the fruit ific greatest length of time 

 n afresh state. The experience and practices of the 

 jest vinedressers have been made public, yet a few 

 thoughts on this subject may add to the stock of 

 information. It is generally understood that grapes 



way i 



tbem that is dry to absorb the moisture that is pas- 

 sing from them, or it gathers on the skin of the 



■malt and shallow so that the air can carry off the 

 noisturej in that case the fruit dries away too 

 quick for long keeping. Profiting by the idea 

 itely obtained, that fruit put into cans and sealed 

 p from the air is kept a great length of time in its 

 alive freshness, the thought suggests itself to me 

 liut to get good tight barrels, then pass clean straw 

 arough a straw-cutter ; pick the grapes from the 

 ines on a dry day and immediately puck them 

 way, giving alayerof straw then a layer of grapes 

 the clusters not so close as to crowd each other, 

 I be the best way to keep them. Put a bushel 

 brrel — perhaps experience would teach a 

 bushel and a half would be as safe— head them up 

 set them in a cool place, nnd move them to 

 the cellar before frost. My experience goes to 

 favor the idea that grapes thus put away can be 

 taken out fresh and sound long after the birds 

 to sing the songs of spring so merrily, 

 osc these articles by condensing a few leading 

 ideas that should be remembered in caring for the 

 Firtt, In pruning vincsbefore they begin to 

 beur, let tho laterals get about a foot in length be- 

 fore they arc taken off, as too close pruning will 

 tho next year's fruit buds and injure the crop 

 of fruit, S.cond, When vines are loaded with 

 fruit, remove the laterals as soon as they begin to 

 start. The fruit needs the sap they will exhaust. 

 Third, As soon as the blossoms begin to appear, 

 use the knife freely. The sap then will not leak.— 

 FQWih, To have fruit set thick on the clusters 

 prune thoroughly when the blossoms begin to ap- 

 icar. I have counted over eighty Isabella grapes 

 n a single cluster. Fifth, To have fruit of large 

 i:e and thinner on the clusters, about half prune 

 when the blossoms begin to appear. In a week or 

 U days prumc thoroughly. Sixth, Fruit that has 

 crowded supply of sap from the time it begins to 

 form unl.l it is ripe, will be a fortnight carl'icr in 

 ripening than that which is stunted by either too 

 much young wood growing on the vines, or being 

 tooheavilyloadedwithfruit. Seventh Vinesshould 



be loaded so heavy with fruit i 

 many green berries on the clusters when 

 gathered. Eighth, That man will be the most suc- 

 cessful vine-dresser who can judge the most cor- 

 rectly, when he sees a vine, bow many pounds of 

 grapes it can bear, and gel that fruit on the least 



I have learned much about the vine by studying 

 carefully what the Savior says about the vineyard, 

 the vine, and the connection the branches have to 

 the vine and fruit bearing. When the S , noi laid 

 the house-holder went out early in the morning 

 to hire laborers into the vinevard. then the third 

 hour, the sixth, the ninth, and the eleventh hour, 

 mrmg al he could, it .hows conclusively, that there 

 U much labor there. When I ,ee .he rich clusters 

 oi iruit uang i„ thickly from the branches and 





Is the Rural for the first of May, lgcg. w 

 ticed several new varieties ol forcigu grapes, raised 

 in England, and among others, one culled the 

 Stockwood Golden Hamburgh, said by good judges, 

 to be the best white grapo known, and to it was 

 awarded by the Pomological Society, in 1S57, the 

 first prize as the best Seedling White Grape. It 

 was raised from Ihe Black Ihmbm-ijh. impregnated 

 with the pollen of the White Swtei Water. To-day 

 {April 11th.) we have been favored with the oppor- 

 tunity of seeing this vine in fruit, and tasting its 

 lus:ious berries, at the grape-house of C. P. Bis- 



been the first 



The growth of the vine bears a stronger resem- 

 blance to the male parent than lo the Hamburgh, 

 being short-jointed in the wood; but the foliage is 

 more similar to that of the Hamburgh, being large, 

 fivc-lobed, and the veins and footstalks tinged with 

 red. The bunches are large, loose, branching) mid 

 shouldered, varying from IS to It inches in length, 

 and the footstalks arc short and stout. The berries 

 arc large, and hang loosely on the bunches, an inch 

 long, and seven-eighths of an inch wide, and of a 

 uniform oval shape. Tho berry-stalks are rather 

 long, stout, uud considerably waited, as will be 

 seen by the engraving. Skin, thin aud tender, of 

 a pale, greenish-yellow color, somewhat marked 

 with veins, like a Whitesmith gooseberry, but, 

 when highly ripened, of a pale amber. Flesh deli- 

 cate and melting, very juicy, and remarkably rich, 

 sugary, and vinous, leaving on the palate a full 

 and luscious flavor. Each berry contains from two 

 to three seeds. The plant is small, grown in a tub, 

 and does not show the fruit in pcrfectie,u, as we 

 shall expect to see it another season. 



CIRCULATION OF THE SAP. 



Messrs. EniTOits :— In the Rural of March 19th 

 you gave an article upon the " Circulation of Sap,' 

 by Levi Bartlett; and I would like, with your 

 permission, to offer a few remarks upon the 

 subject. I do not know as I shall differ very 

 riully, from him, in his description of the cou 

 the sap, or the growth of the plant ; but I ci 

 agree with him in the MUM which be seei 

 assign for the ascent if the gap. 



If I understand him, he means to say that the 

 circulation of the sup is canned by (lie simple n 

 of gravity; in other words, that the water in the 

 ground rises into the tree merely because the sap 

 above it has a greater specific gravity. At least 

 he gives no other reason and the experiment which 

 he mentions, with his interpretation, proves noth- 

 ing else, although he docs not state his conclusion 

 in the same words that I have used. Now, if noth- 

 ing but gravity is concerned, why does the sap 

 dart up at allr Doubtless he would say, that the 

 sap in the tree, and the water in the soil, being of 

 a different specific gravity, the latter rises through 

 the membranous covering of the roots, according 

 to what is termed enflosmosis, while the former de- 

 scends; but then, obviously, they must pass each 

 other where the motion of the water commences, 

 at the ends of the roots; and, consequently, the 

 sap, which hud been prepared in the leaf to nourish 

 the plant, would be poured out again into the soil. 

 I should be unwilling to admit that an All-Wise 

 Power would place at the bottom of the tree an ap- 

 paratus that would pour out sop, which had gone 

 through a long process of preparation for a par- 

 ticular purpose, just as it was ready to fulfil that 

 purpose, in order to force into the tree a quantity 

 of clear water, which must be greatly modified 

 before it could serve to nourish the plant. 

 But perhaps Mr. Barrett will rely upon his 

 pertinent to support his position, and say that 

 e principal motion through the membrane is 

 always from the lightest to the heaviest fluid, (this 

 juld not be true in the case of water and alcohol, i 

 d for the same reason the water in the soil passes 

 rough the membrane which covers the roots, and 

 forces the heavier sap up the tree; but still exos- 

 would take place, or some of the nutritious 

 sap would pass out into the soil. And, even if it 

 true, that this action depends upon a difference 

 density, it is certainly very mysterious ; for how 

 a a liquid force its way through a membrane 

 ainst the greater pressure of a heavier liquid v — 

 But, in my opinion, his explanation of the experi- 

 is entirely indirect. The motion la not, in 

 the least degree, caused by the difference in the 

 specific gravity of the liquids. "The relation of 

 specific gravity has nothing whatever to do with 





) Mr. B. could easily pn)Ta 



s, by placing alcohol, which is lighter than wtXtr, 



the cupping glass*, instead of the sweetened 



would be 



thus showing that 



change iD the specific gravity of one ol 



oc* not niter the result in the slightest degree. 



The mot ion of ihe liquid depends upon an entirely 



tflereut principle, as does also the circulation of 



i capillary 



height, 

 ipended. If a piece of sponge or 



gar, or any other porous substance, be brought 

 contact wilh water at one extremity, the water 

 will immediately rise, ami wet the whole substance. 

 These are examples of capillary attraction ; and the 

 eaute of the ascent of the water, is the attraction of 

 the substance of the tube for the water, which seems 

 to overcome the cohesion of the aqueous particles. 

 If we take a tube of such a size that it could 

 lain heighl, say ten inches, and 

 inches in length, there would be 

 no overflow ; but if the water at the top of the tube 

 should be removed in any way, as by evaporation, 

 a continuous current would be produced. As an 

 exnmple of such a current in capillary tubes. I 

 might mention the upward flow of oil or fluid in 

 the wick of u lamp after it is lighted. 



Again ; if we bring two liquids into contact in a 

 capillary tube by the substance of which they are 

 unequally attracted, having each end of the tube in 

 communication with a supply of its respective 

 liquid, motion will be produced, the liquid most 

 strongly attracted driving the other before it, and 

 perhaps expelling it from the tube entirely, with- 

 out any regard lo its relative specific gravity. — 

 Now, by applying these principles, we hare the 

 correct explanation of Potrocukt's Endo&mosis ex- 

 periment described by Mr. Bartlett; and I think, 

 also, of the ascent of the sap in plants. 



The tree is but a great bundle of capillary tubes, 

 and these elevate the sap from the ends of the roots 

 to the highest leaf or flower, by the operation of 

 these principles of capillary attraction, modified, 

 perhaps, to a certain extent, by peculiar changes 



1 ndir.l 



I Oft 







progress ; and, from the leaf, a large po: 

 sap is evaporated; and thus the necessary condi- 

 tions of a continuous current are established. 



The downward flow of the sap, which distributes 

 it to the surface of the tree, is only a part of the 

 circuit, caused by the upward motion. After the 

 sap is changed in the leaf, it has no longer any 

 affinity for the substance of the leaf, and is forced 

 out of it by the upward current; and, passing 

 through the pores of the taUctferotit Muttf, found, 

 principally, in ihe inner bark ond the underside of 

 the leaf, it finds its way to every part of the surface 

 of the tree, where it forms new wood. 



. Bai 





given by sor 



ic good Botanists 



but I 



cannot adopt 



t as long a. 







is supported 





r authority, aud s 





me far more 











The force 



vitli which sap ascends, 



las been csti 



mated at thirteen pounds to a square 



nch ; and, o 





sed by capillary 



attraction, Draper 



says, " I ha 



ve observed these 







against a pressure of many atr 



aosphe 









H H 





North Law 



ence, N. T., March 



18611. 





WESTERN N. Y. FRUIT GROWERS' SOCIETY. 



Mn. Eiutor : — I have been a regul 

 on the meetings of the •■ W. N. Y. Fr 

 Society," Binco its commencement, 

 satisfactions and edification. The di 



iihvuy.s so practical, and the results of actual 

 perience, that they cannot fail of exerc 

 eficial effect on the great fruit growing 



a ben 



thisc 



ntry. 



eeting happening in January 

 during the shortest days, allow but a brief period 

 for discussing subjects, where there is muchdivci- 

 sity of opinion, and, for the want of method and 

 proper regulations, a great deal ot time is wasti 

 But the greatest error in the arrangements 

 my estimation is, the want of previous and early 

 information to the members of the subjects to 1 

 discussed. By about two o'clock on the first da 

 the subjects for agitation are laid before the ma 

 iug, no one is prepared, or has thoughtfully bn 

 his mind to the particular subject, and the discn 

 sions become a disjointed tea-party chit-chat 

 many coses; whereas, if they were given out 

 month or two before the meeting, those pasted ■ 

 the different subjects would digest and organi: 

 their ideas to great advantage; particularly those 

 who have not the gift of gab, and uot in the habit 

 of public speaking. 



There should be a rule that no one should sp 

 longer than 15 minutes on any subject, nnd only 

 once, except to give explanations to questions 

 asked, or by a suspension ot the rule. 



I think this Society, under judicious manage- 

 ment, is bound to do more good and diffuse u 

 greater amount of important information than 

 any other process that has yet been subjected to 

 trial— in the settling the proper names and value 

 of the great varieties of fruits— the manner ol 

 propagating, pruning, planting, and preserving— 

 the habits and hardiness of trees and their dis- 

 eases, and the insects that pray upon them. 



Orleans, N. Y., 1659. L. B. Pattiesos. 



WASHING - DAY. 



run: 



, Ri n 



In a late number we saw a few 

 ay, some which were Ukeu from Mrs. 

 M. L. Scott s Practice B»mh«j*r, relative to 



waahiDg-duj lite evils, wbloh out hnabandtho-t 



we had better cut out and preserve, but instead 

 we would prefer to make u few ramj 

 again, proving tho old adage, that vox i 

 on the contrary tide, 



I do not wholly agree with said hints, eap«iallj 

 for those who have the management of then „«„ 

 domestic affairs, in regard to dress, Ac 1 belfert 

 in dressing suitubly to the work; not thai I would 



ashing, for v 



i hav. 



wash dies; 

 itend to have that put i 



whole and 



order as for any other work, with tli 

 cleaning before we commence our washing 

 appearance of the woman in her washing di 



offends 



has no biisnie: 

 should have) he could 



of the " 



fkaUdioua eyes of the husband; ir he 



call him out (which he certainly 



o the parlor, if for- 



tunate enough to have one ; if not, ho could g 

 bed and cover up head and ears to shut out all ob- 

 noxious sights. If be can not endure a part or the 

 so-called ills of washing-day, when it is as much 

 for his benefit as ours, and we have the largest por- 

 tion of them to bear, it seems to me his room 



As for our being as liable to see company as on 

 another day, we think not, if every one would act 

 up to our rule, and wash on Mondays. But, if it 

 so happens, which is necessarily the case some- 

 time?, and thty too cannot submit to the inconven- 

 iences attending washing-day, then they can also 

 bear the husband company. 



To men, who for w ant of system are driven from 

 the domestic fireside, »e wool'.] say look unto your- 

 selves and sec if then; is not .something you can do 



alleviate this wrong. Are not the cares of your 

 wife greater than she can bear? Are not her 

 household duties, on account of their magnitude, a 

 lire? Woman needs re- 

 laxation from the routine of every day life. She is 

 your wife, and unless you attend to her wants and 

 pleasures in some way that answers tho expecta- 



ouder that she makes but an iudiffeient house 

 keeper — that she considers it heartless drudgery. 



education, that they love 



ruled 



There are a few, I adm 



(her from natui 

 order in anythii 



■( the lady readers of the Rural 



please to send a f«w directions for covki-ng meats, 

 as for pastry, and oblige k. c. 



Clai 



ICE CREAM, AGAIN. 



n Horticultural 9o- 

 Hkn decided upon making Uio Clitawick 

 ro exclusively experimental. A circular 

 addressed lo tbe trade, 

 nsrot&slon for compara 

 supposed new vegetable. 



iviilng co-opera 



— lu reading the " Domestic Econ- 

 omy" portion of the Rural, 1 find "K. Y. E,," 

 wishes u recipe for Ice Cream, My rule, which I 

 liave always found excellent, is this:— Take one 

 [juartof sweet milk and crenm; '2 eggs; 1 teacupful 

 of white sugar; 1 teaspoonful of flour stirred into 

 \.{ teacupful of sweet milk ; flavor to your liking. 

 Put your milk in the freezer, or if you have no 

 freezer a 3 quart pail is as good, and sot it into a 

 kettle of boiling water, stirring the milk frequent- 

 1 not burn. Bent the eggs, and 

 when the milk boils stir them into the milk— take 

 of tbe water, put in to the milk, tho sugar, 

 mid flavoring. Put the ice into a bag and 

 1 it into lumps the size of a hickory nut, put 

 :r of ice into a small tub, or whatever you 

 lo freeze it in, and a thin layer of salt, put 

 your freezer or pail into tbe tub aud then put a 

 layer of ice and a layer of salt alternately around 

 it. Stir the cream which will freeze, from tho 

 sides wilh a spoon; stir it frequently until it is 

 frozen. If you make it as directed, you will not 

 fail of having excellent ice cream.— Fit uckt H — , 

 Fayette, StnUQ. Co., K Y., 18.1S. 



Ens. Rural:— In reply to the inquiry from a 

 sister of Licking, Ohio, In the last Rural, I will 

 give the following as the best recipe I have ever 

 tried :— Take one quart of sweet cream, made very 

 sweet with best sugar, and flavored ; whip it to a 

 light froth ; skim off as fast as it is beaten and put 

 into your freezer, until all is whipped to alight 

 froth. You will find it will freeze in less time than 

 any other recipe. The above will make five quarts 

 of delicious cream. 



r Good Rucirs.-Take 4 eggs, to 

 ieat the yolk* '« * ''fa'" 1 fro11 '' und 



put in the mil 



tin pail, and s 



eeten very s' 



■i ft kettle of boiling v 



Tut all i; 



the white*, beaten to a froth. Then set the pail in 

 ,.,,hi iv .iter, stirring '"" cool, — adding Vanilla and 

 a quart of sweet cream, (beaten to a froth.) Then 





. B-, Itochttter, JV. Y-, 18(9. 



Fee" Cam.— Two pounds of flour; 2 lbs. but- 



torj a lbs. sugar, beaten to a cream; IS eggs, the 



yolk* beaten with the BOgar, aud the while, to ■ 



froth ; - wlM glasses of rose water or brandy, iu 



which lemon rinds have been steeped ; 2 nutmegs 



grated ; 2 teaspoons of saleratus dissolved in warm 



ater; 3 lbs, raisins, stoned and chopped Tim 



ke will keep three months. 



Rich Pcddisq.— Two quarts of sweet milk; 1 



teacup of rice; % teacup butter; % cup sugar; 



H nutmeg grated. Tut the rice and other ingre- 



the milk. Bake two hour*,— Mm. t" E>, 



H.,£lba, QtntM* Co., N. )'., i ■ 



Cubb Fob Chilblains.— A correspondent of 

 Springport, Mich., inquires what will cure chil- 

 blains. Put 1 ounceof litharge in 1 pint of strong 

 vinegar; shake welt, ond bnthe the affected part. 



rc^er- 



