MOG&E'S &TJ&AL STEW-YORKER. 



185 



FRUIT FOR CERTAIN LOCALITIES. 



■ 



■ 



■ 



■ 

 ■ 



, |„ lhr: ,.-. . [.Ill ;ill lllf f'-l 



17 land, being on the 



aaatsfdi -I I rulge ■>< land running norlb end maun, 

 ■v., i land, sub- 



,.i.,r. .1: tOOM 

 . !!.. pruvt-l the IfOSielteCted. 



■ 



.,,,,„, If to bi free from In- 



)lir , i 



; | ]Te , mHTOu.orsomoorvonrnumerooi 



mid nod potatoes In dj 



Tin in .. i i thai injured iln' "I'i'l' i" 1 '- " ' ,: ' ""■ 

 doubtedly, U ■ 



l|,,. uin I iii'-uues .'i.'iim-i >'■ IucIj mil' apple (tees 



bare i ntond fl I quite common throughout 



. 



to ftn UOIoitubleiicS- ol -ml ..r elm ,..(,■, or III v ■ 



.■med f.u -oiling unhealthy i'i ■■ Tin' 



:■ „hii-i's Hit' borer, is laid by » winged 



i,,.,.,i whit h mokes iti appearance everj season in 



June, mill Rica only in the night. During June 



111,4 July, tin' 1'i'tiiiilc ln-i.'llc di-pool 



nt a pine.', upon the bark, generally ivlieie it is ten- 



flor, Dear the iurfaco of tbo earth, Bometimei, 



ntun thOJ mi' v.. iv t <-. rh, ■, ,'■ 



higher up, particularly in the crotches formed by 



llm lowei liiul.i. From each nl tin' '■ ■ 



■ i [got, of a white color, with a yellow 

 Unge to Ita hood, Tin- maggot cats [ta way 'li- 

 nn!.. ,li,'.vm'. ml. in tin- h.uk, producing n disrol- 



tunted. U the outer dark 



colored ■ in i" 1 ■■ "f Ibo bai k be ■ i i aped off >v itb 



knife, tin- lii-it ol An-i.-t ■>) l"ii' pal I ■ ' 



no a* to expose the clean while bai k ' ■ 



■ ' ■ !!.■ without any injury to the tro*. 



■ 



■ 

 : 



■ 

 i . 



■ 



■ 



,|.iji, ..i 



[a i 



■.. : : 



Lei ■■ 



i of tbc West- 



mence with Ohio. Xhe 



i: ,, „,„„;,,, u.uticuliuiiil ."-'"-"= t> furniabi i il... 



□ 



k Ohio- I <■■ .1 Astiacbnn, 



I'.'n'-i Blush, Win!-.' Pippin. Winesap, 

 Bowie's Janet. 



ni.-AV — /;, ri Six It.-;. '.,■.— i 

 bate Sr,:iui,..'iry, Onveustefn, Bellmont, Yellow 



llellfiuwor, Csnruis Spitvchliiii'.-li. 



LlKOIB— 21 i."l June, Sum- 



Pei i.-. Snow, Domine, W ■ 



Twig. 



WMTimi New Yojik.— The following kinds re 

 cell "l the high) il rote at the meeting of the Fro.lt 

 Qtowera 1 Society ot Rochestei in January last:— 

 liiil.Hvin, Khodc Island Greening, Roxbnry Rus- 

 KiiiL*, ("I" Tompkins County.' Northern Spy, 

 Twenty Ounce. 



From tbe above list of apples from (bur States, 

 X inch, we have iu the aggregate twenty-four 

 kin. Is — no two States recommending lln' smiic 

 . Mr. JUtkhait. of Ohio, at the American 

 Pnmological Society's meeting in New York, said 

 ■ apples recommended on the list for 

 general culture, were not adapted to a great portion 

 e country, particularly the West, and that 

 ers were misled by it. Many of tbe winter 

 foil entirely in the West, Seven or eight \ a 

 s should he stricken from the list for general 



culture, and placed in the c tor certain localities, 



Il appear* that certain fruits well adapted to New 

 England Stales, do not succeed well here, and tliat 

 some of our best fruits arc worthless at the West. 

 This being the ease, is it not highly important that 

 we have a list of fruits adapted 

 fork? and what Society is better qualified for tins 

 important work than the Fruit (,'rou; ■ li '. 



Br«u York. 1 throw out those hints, in hopes to 

 hear from others on this important Bubject 

 Greece, N. Y., April, ISM. J, B. Claekb. 



HARDY FLOWERING SHRTJES. 



■■ ■- are mere useful than 

 '• mlifu] both in 

 owing with even less care 

 ■ 



due and ease of 

 culture to all Ifl 



■ ■ 



i ■ 



I ■ 



Boman, skill and care is 



in being bare a 



i- always unsightly in a 



" 

 [beir beaut] . In a year or two, how- 



..■ Ill I i;| |,. ( ;ll 



' 



lawn of spring, 



nltiredoiid llii. 



. InToallng avei 

 .he lovers of llowers; and the fti -'■■ "t 

 rid the garden gay with the cbi 



HEKEREOX I 



No fanciful arrangement of flo\ 

 with nicely kept gnu-cl walks and borders of ho: 

 is so ueat and tasteful for the garden immediately 

 in front of the house or around it, as a well kept 

 plot of grass or lawn, with a few flowering shrubs 

 in groups, particularly around the edger 



i fences and all unsightly 



object*, By a skilful arrangement 



nt of tbe shrubs 

 lawn liHy or a hundred feet siiuare may be i 

 appear much larger than its real size. 



la. yd 



11 ti.TIH I I'I" rtll. a', IM'il 1 ' 



i-l'K lni . h. en di'poMt.'.l, ] In .-,'■ 



into the bark the wmm "ill he found. It gradu 



ally works ii tt i] onwards through the. bark, 



d :,-,■ ;i.-. ii ad' ance ■, until it reaches 

 the sap-wood; here it take* up it ! 



ii| 1 cini-.iiiiiinj the s.ifl wood, l!u>H'h\ t'orin- 



iii^' a Hiu.n.lh, i (land, lint cavity, the size of a dollar 

 or larger, i dinielv under the bulk. It keeps 



it burrow clean by pu thing its excrement out of u 

 e oi opening through the bai '.. which 

 it makes nl the lower part ol its harrow, aud if this 

 ■ i | ■ i- .n.ii . i 'I'lii- 

 excrement resembles ncn One aaw-duat, and 

 bias us readily, todetcol tbo presence of the v 

 In tlie htih : . 

 mutated on the ground, commonly lovt-ring the hole 



out of which it i* extruded, and by particles of it 

 ■rbli ii odhon around tbc "i dice where 



up, or in the l.uk of Hie tree; tl uler surface of 



the bark also often becomes slighth depressed, OI 



flattened, over 1Mb cavity. 

 For n more full description of this iuscct aud its 



operation, we must refer to the Ruiui* of January 



Dtb, 16o8. 



The most efficient enemy of these borers is the 

 common wood-pecker, *u frequently BOCjD in our 

 ■■v. bard - Thej should never he molested in their 

 work \ u ious axpariments for killing the worm 



lm .■ l ii i'H'1 — -l, -..i li ii. plugging up the hole, 



ihri^img a wire into it. kc . hut the nature of the 

 Imrrnn wlii.hwe Iiiim deserihtd, makes this very 

 dlfficuli I'lihnps there is uo better way of dis- 

 lodging the insect than by cutting him oat «ith a 

 strong knife. Tbo wounds thus made will gcue- 

 inlK hotl readily, aud it is much belter than to 

 ullow Hir i i ■ ■*<■.- 1 to continue in his course of mis- 



lllief F.I 



d- that I 



harrow be MOtrtainod h\ putu luring the bark 

 with un awl, aud then the bark at the top be cut 

 twaj, *o that scalding water can he poured from a 

 teapot "i- other vessel iuto the burrow, which will 

 kill the vartniut. 



At a preventive, washing the bark with strong 



i wh,',. the ma h- hatched grubs are 



tin the bark, is useful 



' nonibei ,.f the Rcka.., Hon, A. B. 



»»owM«Wf tgofooftaoapin 



the crotch of the tre. f or this and other insoott, 



up, and in fact 



all alkaline substanees ar v uilVn.^ . i,, ■-,.,. 



and as the soap would he constantly washed dofl D 



the trunk by rains, we think great advantage 



dt from 1 

 with i uu |i,>wmm; and Dr. Qrai 

 H geutlcmcii recommi ... 

 making of woodo bOXH around the trunks of 

 - mist the borer 



TAKE CABE OF THE ORCHAHD. 



Messes. Ivps. ; — Among the numerous things to 

 ■ done upon the farm during the busy season of 

 spring, is tbe necessary care of orchards. Tbe 

 rai*iug u f fruit successfully requires care like any 

 other crop upon the farm. Too maoy farmers neg- 

 lect this important branch of husbandry, and con- 

 s>..'i|iiL'iilly i cup the it-ward of such care, (poor crops 

 i-if |ioor quality, i while by extending needful care, 

 no other portion of the farm jmys better, besides 

 the luxuries gained. If your orchards are not 

 grafted do not let April and May pass away without 

 seeing that every tree which bears poor fruit is 

 grafted with the niosi approved kinds; draw manure 

 to the roots or the trees. If they are old, or not in 

 n thriving condition, scrape the bark with n sharp 

 hoe, wash them with lie, give them Sufficient pruu- 

 ing, cut the limbs close down so that they can heal 

 over, and your orchards will amply remunerate you 

 for all your trouble and expense, and make its 

 owners proud of that properly which previous to 

 such care was comparatively worthless. Farmers, 

 if you consult your interest as well as pride and 

 fancy in this matter, you cannot fait to extend t 

 if your time to so important an objecl.- 

 Laud cau hardly be cropped to better advimtag. 

 that of the production of tbe best fruit. Make 

 orchards your bog pasture. The hogs will 

 destroy those worihle-s wouny apples which fall 

 from the trees before maturity, and also work 

 among the roots of the trees, which i.s much better 

 thau plowing. 



If wood-peckers attack your trees, spread graft- 

 ing wax over the wounded parts, aud they will 

 cease from troubling them, Grafting wax is co 

 posed of live or six parts rosin, one purl beeswi 

 and one part tallow, melted together and thoroughly 

 stirred till cool. A good selection of fruit 

 follows : 



For early w«, Early Harvest, Sweet Bough, 

 Washington, Golden Sweeting, Ladies Blush, Cab' 

 bathes, Detroit Red, Autumn Bough, Ac 



For winter v*t, Holland Pippin, Gilliflower, 

 Ribstone Pippin, Peck's Pleasant, Seeknofurther, 

 Rhode Island Gcening, Esopus SpiUenburgh, Eng- 

 lish Russet, Baldwin, Swoar, Yellow Bellefleur, 

 Roxbury Russet, Tallmon Sweeting, and Northern 

 Nathas Siiotwli.l. 





Tub Dapene Mbzeron, or Fink ifa&ton, i 

 of our prettiest very early flowering shrubs, aud 

 grows about four feet high. Tbe pink flowers ap- 

 appear before the leaves, in clusters all around 

 tbe shoots of tbe previous year, as shown iu tbe 

 engraving — fig. 1. The flowers are followed by 

 beautiful brilliant scarlet berries, tbe size and ap- 

 pearance of which are shown in tbc engraving, 

 (fig. 2,) so that the plant is as showy when covered 

 Willi berries as when in blossom. It flowers early 

 in April, its blossoms are sweet scented, and it is 

 in all respects desirable, ond worthy a place iu every 

 collection of shrubs. The Daphne thrives well in 

 any good dry soil, hut dislikes a wet position, and 

 will soon show its dislike by becoming stunted and 

 mossy. The fall would be the beet time for trans- 

 planting but those that plant in the spring should 

 as early S3 possible. 



spy. 

 Elba,GcneaceCa,N. Y., 



. t ,,v-W.' arc indebted 



■ ■ 







; it la good, 

 iwafqul 





for n package of his choic, »i 

 1 ill bloom abun- 

 ion— to E. I>. Hallock, „ 



■ ,_ Uariford Prol.fic foi 



Inch «ill speak well for n I'iu, and webave ni 



fruit.— v.. .i„ S"j!tM, Barl/brd Cb., Ct,lSB0, " 



The Bartlett pear, on its own roots, we think 

 would succeed well on a gravelly soil. We have 

 seen it flourishing under such circumstances, and 

 ilso on j very sandy loam. On such soil, however, 

 manure most be freely applied. This, if well-rot- 

 ted, may be forked in, but if fresh, should he laid 

 on the surface for a season, as a mulch, ond then 

 dug in. Old, rotten turf would make a superb 

 dressing for such soils. Of the varieties of grapes 

 would be Delaware 

 ur localitv. Both w 



l.reh 



PRUNING THE VINE. 

 Eds. Rural-.— Much has been t 



■rittcn for your 

 paper in regard to the cultivation of Grapes, aDd 



also the maimer of pruning the vine, all of which I 

 read with pleasure, as I am considerably interested 

 in that branch of Horticulture. Of course I cannot 

 subscribe to it all. Who could? A few days since 

 I received tbe California CulturUt, published ot 

 San Francisco, which gives my views of pruning 

 the vine, much better than anything else which I 

 have read, a part of which I will give you for the 

 benefit of your many readers. 



"Theproperpruningof the grape vine is asubject 



ur which a great diversity of opinion has ever 



i vet there are certain general features 

 or rules pertaining to the art of vine-dre-.uiir. that 

 are to a great extent common to every system.— 

 Pruning the vine is n T ery different process from 

 cutting in or shortening the fruit-bearing shoots, 

 and yet there are those who kuow, or make, no 

 distinction between pruning the vine at a proper 

 season, in order to produce fruitful ucss, and a 

 recommendation to hi cautious how you cut bad thi 

 biar in} ihwti of your grape 



■ 



, or immedl a drop j u ( ne 

 f... ihr«a 



I'u'.'ir: in. as ii.ju.:' 

 ■ 



'■' 



■ ■ : 



■ protest against trie practice, based upOD our 

 . , , . , 



1 - as in California, ami ; 

 ■e is endoi ;i 



■ ' 

 Ibat have ever yet appeared in the 

 market of Sim 



■ ■ 



■ . 

 die uncultivated wild grape vines, 

 our mountain gulcbcs 



6r H la ii well know d foci thai such n ild rtnes 



■ _■ ne rem!. 'led 



it any aftt t i utting-in, ol 

 shortening of the fruit-hearing branches, at the 

 season of the swelling of the fruit. The proper 

 mode, then, oi pruning the vino toseenre fruitful- 

 ness as well as a vigorous, healthy grojyth, Is one 

 of the first importance to the vine-grower. Every 

 day's experience is teaching the observant grupe 

 Culturfatthe utter fallacy and error of being un- 

 chnngubly wedded to the old system of pi lining, or 

 of supposing that because entirely applicable to 

 . the same must ueccssiiril; lie lie. 

 We are entirely oppose 



i.i.ingsunmilly adhet 

 country of heat and suusIuhl, l.y 



■ , ■ i 'Ibis lIil-s of 



ciilinrists grow grapes heic.aud often very good 

 ones, hut Beldom equaling those grown under a less 

 rigid Bystom ol [tummer) pruning. 



The Hon, A. G. Si HUES, of Florida, an amatt 

 culturist of grapes, says,— 'I train my vines 

 trellis of wire, but cannot follow the n ■•! 

 tif pruning rccoin mended m Lmopeau culture, and 

 practiced at the north. We have 

 viues that uot a ray of sunshine ever touches the 

 fruit, otherwise the fruit loses much of its fine 

 llavur, and is altogether robbed of its bloom. It 

 is all n.ip.u unit that the grape be entirely shaded 

 at every stage of its growth and maturity. The 

 natural shade and protection of the fruil IS 

 foliage, aud the more luxuriant this is, the greater 

 certainty of fruit of large size and rich flavor.' 



J. r'isK. Allbx, iu his treatise ou the culture of 

 the grape, says :— ' It is the established opinion iu 

 vineyard culture, that the best fruit is produced 

 when the vine receives the mostsun— not upon tbe 

 fruit, but upon the foliage ' H. W. S. Clevelaso, 

 Of Burlington, N. J., cultivates an extensive wne- 

 yard, and is increasing it largely, lie says — 

 'Formerly I used to he careful of my summer 

 pruning, bttt after experiment I was convinced 

 that tbe vines are best let alone ; that all the leaves 

 are needed for tipcniug the fruit.' 



Dr. Sidsbx Wkllku, of North Carolina, in un 

 article originally written for ]>.. i.W,< C'ommtrcial 

 liecicto, also says -.—'The principle of allowing the 

 spread and range during summer, is un- 

 doubtedly correct.' And, J. Fisk Alles, as good 

 ie in the United States, soys:— 

 recommended for many years.' 

 From my own experience for the past three 

 years in the cultivation of the grape and the sum- 

 mer pruning or the vine, I think the above is nearer 

 right thau anything I have before seen. In 1866 I 

 had 1UU vines which came into bearing, and uot 

 knowing very well how to summer prune, I solic- 

 ited information from quite a number, and from 

 such information as I received, I commenced cut- 

 ting-in at from two to four joints beyond the fruit, 

 as is now recommended by some; but before I 

 finished, a man came into my vineyard, when a 

 discussion was commenced as tothe advantages and 

 disadvantages of such a system of pruning, which 

 resulted in my leaving one row of eight viues, from 

 which I pinched the terminal bud on the bearing 

 shoots, simply checking the growth, and watched 

 for the result. In tbe fall I was perfectl; 

 that the grapes on that row were better than on 

 the others, though uot as to the cause, as I recol- 

 lected thai I had given the ground about that row 

 n coating of leached ashes, which tbe others did uot 



In 1667| I tried another experiment. I cut oflf 

 I the hearing shoots four joints beyond the Omit, 

 id on one row I let all the laterals grow. On the 

 others, the laterals were kept trimmed back, as is 

 iniended. Iu the fall I saw a decided 

 difference iu favor of the one row which had the 

 The grapes were larger, earlier, aud 

 of finer flavor. In ls.6s, some ol my vines I cut-in 

 considerably, others hut little, and the rest not any, 

 except to pinch the terminal bud, and remove 

 branches where I thought them too thick, as I did 

 on all my vines. I am now perfectly satisfied that 

 tbe cutting-in is a decided injury' to the fruit. I 

 shall thin out the branches where too thick, and 

 where two or three brunches come from one spur 

 take off all but one. Last fall I purchased the fruit 

 from six different vineyards; none of them bad 

 been pruned to excess, some not any, and some 

 thinned out and the bearing branches allowed to 

 grow, ond tbe quality of the fruit from those 



into my hands, fbr propag ■ 



with the privilege of namii | 



hibiled the f; 



mmittoQ un Nu- 



I : '.. 



r *gard to its promising character, and 

 by naming ii 



I 

 . 

 pruning. Ttao fruit, of course, « is not what .t 

 would have been under m 

 itlhav. 

 ■ : . , . 



(Villi au Kiso, 



STONES UNDER FBUIT TREES. 



caption in your iajjoji of April I'tb, 



. , 

 tory of "II. ; 

 Cape Cod. a 



called to an o the 



was a relit ed •■■■• captain, a bo, in earl] life, plant) 



■ on lie might eat of the fruit »ln ; n ,,,i 



; \t i tie time of [ilaiitinu'out Ihc 



tree*, be secured the service- of an old Scotch 



i ■ tiers weiv In 'I'.o iii. tlie location 



for planting staked out and then came the injunc- 

 tions of the owner, as he was obliged to absent 

 uimsell i. i an hile. 



" If it takes you two days to plant eoi b tree, I 

 wish it tnll ./.'.■■. " II it- ..oiirlriin ivem toMoik, 

 diL-ging large holes, sufficient to dump 

 stones from u tip-cart, anil on Ihc ictiiru ol the 

 proprietor be had only set out four trees. Though 

 he had done his work w ell, as the sequel mil slmw, 

 the captain thought he hud played " "' and 



discharged him. The balance were -■ 



. where tlie blame is laid to the liur- 

 now, ofter forty years, those four 

 o fruit than all the remainder. 



what I h 



A BATCH OF CAEES. 



. Rural:— Inclosed please find a few recipes, 



which I trust may he worthy of publication : 



Delicate Cake.— Take the whiles of 1G eggs ; 1 

 lb. of flour, 1 lb. of pulverized sugar ; »£ lb. butter; 

 tablespoon vanilla; 1 teaspoon cream tartar; % 

 teaspoon soda. Cream the butler and sugar to- 



ther, and put iu the eggs with Hie flour. This 



II make a huge cake. 



Sponge Cake. —Two tumblers of pulveriKCd 

 sugar; Sdo.offlour; lOeggs. Beat the yolks with 

 the sugar, then heat the whiles to a stiff froth, and 

 turn in with tbc flour. 



Fktit Cake. — One lb. of sugar; 1 of butter; 1 



i Iba. i 



.■ nutmeg ; 



\.j oz. mace; }' t lb. citron; '; teacup brandy; 1 

 teacup molasses. 



Ci t Cake.— One cup of sugar; 1 cup butter; 

 2'. flour; 4 egg.s , ' , cup bntleriuilk ; J.; teaspoon 

 saleralus. Add a few raisins. 



Cookies.— Four eggs; 1 cup of butter; 2 cups of 

 sugar; 2 teaspoons of salei ntus ; a bill 

 flour enough to roll. Bake in a quick o 



Frieo Cakes.— One cup of sugar; \' x cup of lard; 

 1 teaspoon of salt mixed with the flour; 1 tit. but- 

 termilk; 1 tablespoon saleratus; a eggs. Cinna- 

 mon or spice to your taste. 



Cons Starch PioniNO.— One quart of milk ; 5 

 teaspoons of starch wet up in milk ; 3 eggs beat up 

 and stirred in with the starch, and then stirred 

 into the milk, boiling. Cook three minutes. 



Bide HUI, North Bail, 16AD. Pc<mv A, 



the eloDg.itio 



of th* fruit. A prevent!' 

 n of a bearing shoot, and cutting it 

 different things. The proper 8' 



idopted. 



- &»■■■■ 



THE KTNG GRAPE, 



Mtssns Editors:— I wish to call the attention 

 of your readers, now that the new grapes are ere 

 ating so much excitement, to the sTtfl ' 



ia n white grape, and a seedling, perfectly hardy, 

 in every respect, early, and originated in the garden 

 Ol BOBBUI Wkeder, of this city. The vine came 

 up from self-sown seed, among some curron^ 

 gooseberry hushes, and remoine 

 until it bore fruit. Mr. Weeoei 

 Sweetwater, and a number of other varieties g 



i ■ ;„ ihe bubit of making 

 ing in his garden, and is in ia<- uuu 



- m ,i - ,h* eM >Aa into the garden.— 



wine and throwing the st.u= ■ , j 



l. • . -. ■ ..,r.n/,sfdtbisgrapeonginaled. 



Fron,lh„ s «e,i,t l , S ..ppo.O ^ ^ ^ 



LTZ'r^', olJ. In ■»« »' ' 



W. culled m, ..«".io» <» i'. »"«» " ™ "> f'»". 



d I then made an arrangement to take the Vine 



, the ■. . 



* Ikquirw— I would like to make a few inqui- 



througli the columns of my esteemed visitor — 



the Rural. Will some one please inform me what 



Mndder Compound t It is spoken of iu several 



of tbe coloring recipes. I do not know, nor mother, 



and she is a very old lady, and has dyed often. I 



loticed an inquiry for a good cement to mend 



Or china, but have not seen it answered. Will 



of the wise ones please answer and oblige?— 



L,, Forttr Village Jfieft., 1669. 



A Poultice for Felons, Ac— Take Castile soap 



and scrape a large or small quantity, according to 

 the amount wonted, and limffler in new milk till it 

 forms a paste as thick as cream, cool and apply. 

 You wilt find this one of the best poultices for 

 felons, or any kind of swelling that needs poultic- 

 ing, and far superior to bread and milk, iry it, yo 

 afflicted.— Miss I.., ltrivk Cottw. if"*-. 185 °- 



May 



To I'i'.eservs Frits. — My « 

 inform the friends of the Rt'R 

 her furs perfectly safe through i 

 simplv bv putting them into a tight linen bag, ty 

 ing up tight and hanging up in some dark, drj 

 closet. Those who put up their furs safe 

 will find them •«» »» November.- A. Omuro, 



A Rbwbdv for BitON-cniTis. — Having Been it 

 stated that dried mullcn leaves smoked in a cotn- 



u pipe would cure bronchitis, my wife concluded 



to test the matter, and after a few month's use she 

 thinks she is cured. — A. S. Cooks, / 



very Well v 



Waxtid.— My wife wishes to m 

 one who has had experience how U 

 hard soap from potash. Uabhitt * 

 on cans, but she does not 

 them.— 0., Ba 



Wood ashes and com 

 will stop tbe cracks of i 

 smoke from escaping. 



Gbcen should be the 



33E3S 



— ?yfi& 



