Ms). A 



7. 



MOOSE'S ruha: 



■ 



i men r of the Scotu« 



bpril Proft mi of UminTuiBiaai 



II in- had lake 

 o. In IBM, oiler a holly contested elc< 

 ,.. „ io Ihi ■ i sir, ■■!. ■ I ■ 

 rffpotatloii fm l swing, i 

 ■ of laongbt, which pla 



I Bno.i 



■=■■■■: i - ■ i u> tfai ) dlabiuVB Bi 



l pnhih f..r niiiiii jean, sn< 

 .- pr..four.dril dl»Culsloni li 



Then Lecture* arc worth 



r,,| hIII unii.l Dinl n |.uluL 

 muld li" rcjn lied liy lli.< 



There i 

 having the fin 



theory beyond i 

 They ore idcd of one idea, and v 



i be tui 



rally , 



tame Universal ap 



;bat idea which they 

 any philosopher, 



, the* 





■<.fj.it; 



diacovery of aca.se of "False Philosophy," stupid- 

 ly forgetting that tie is probably moro posted in 

 science than themselves. 



W. ft., in your paper of the nth ult., condemns 

 the opinion hitherto received in regard to the ex- 

 pchment of two suspended ball*, and ussums that, 

 because all radii converge, this account!) for all 

 convergence in this case. If W. It. would calcu- 

 late the convergence arising from this cause for 

 two lines three hundred feet in length, be would 

 porceii e the insignificance of the result, and cor- 

 n philosophy. Had his knowledge of 

 geometry been more considerately applied, he 

 would not have fallen iuto this error. The same 

 calculation would enlighten him as to the per tinen- 

 cy of his remark upon the walls of a building. 



ADULTERATIONS OF FOOD. 



Fob some year* the chemist* of Europe liavr 

 ed with each other in their attempts to<l *cnvci 



mode* by which Ibod i 

 id the nieces* which crowned (fee : , 

 certainly been remarkable. Ourow 

 scots an ample field for thought and stud' 

 though we have been occasionally startled by the 

 discoveries of some solitary investigator, and have 

 turned with loathing from tbul which had pre- 

 viously been as a "sweet morsel under ins 

 tongue, 'uur quulmishtics , > soon sulwl 

 complete ami tin n , . , _- 1 1 ,j ^ | -. . - i r ,< 1T1 f the system of 

 adulteration hat never been given to 



llei 



i I,.- .. 







equalniad wiiii in 



ill | of Inquiry i 

 ofLofbtlaloftU 



i 



w ni an early do/. 



obllgattoni for 1 



olr Annual ..f Sol 



a he says they 



oinoiiji publishers f 



■ 



>adlng mum. 



I Arrimp ,1 I,, 



■ 



■I", [niii, I|.,iIIt, In "placing 

 he musical letter, adapted to 



1 In JlKtitra.-.-iurllio longer, ai 



ii uini ■( .. ib i, md ..n. : . 



■ail) assisting the labors 



■ 



bring about a 



■ 



i hum. i , ■ M . 



Ursa llAavur. 



li* ■<■■■' ■■ lir.ov, v. l'r..|.rl 

 ■ ll'Mmrd K. ...,,,,. riLiNl.n.li- 



L— A.I hi Dp I dll 



. !■ . . i 



: on Saturday, March 6ib, with 



Dtp. . 



i ' 



11 '■ ■ ■ 



UMWOUJ U|j, 



doltaita Hi. pftol ■ 



in ■ deaa-avla acqui- 



i " !,i,iu Hi ■ ■ pabliialoB/ihtUosg 



>n»! organ* of 11 



1 



■ 

 i<\ " was like a k. 



loi..^,:, 



Take a word 



ni it I. : 



h" 





1 1 in -in so far 

 face of the sphere, and incur 

 urc not parallel. Tbe defini 

 explain this. What lie says in regard to surveyors 

 running n line one mile west and tbence one mile 

 east, and not striking the same point, amounts to 

 this— that one cannot produce a line and follow it 

 back and touch the same point of commencement, 

 which involves nn absurdity. It is true that the in- 

 tersection with the earth's surface by a plane that is 

 perpendicular to only one meridiuu will bisect the 

 equator, and depart southerly from any parallel of 

 latitude running through tbe point of contact of 

 bui li meridian mid plane, which parallel is the 

 true east and west line. But the difference be- 

 tween them for the distance of one mile at the lati- 

 tude of \V. R., in Cayuga Co , is obscured by the 

 necessary imperfections of instruments, and, in 

 surveying, by the diurnal variation of the compass 

 needle, toeny nothing of the local causes that dis- 

 turb it. A surveyor that runs a line westerly by 

 one course one mile, and thence one mile easterly 

 by one course, would, for these 

 as likely to the north of his comi 

 to tbe south of it. Were absolute perfection i 

 mathematical instruments attainable, the Intel 

 iigenl surveyor could easily diserinnmile betwee 

 a parallel of latitude and a great circle, and run 

 trueeasl and west line. S. W. Stuowoku. 



PanJIsld, H. T v 1800. 



M ,-.-„. Ti.M.:— In IheRcnALof April 9th, I no 

 tice a communication from W. R., entitled "fflffl 

 Philosophy." lie arraigns a certain Professor 

 of Philosophy, and objects to his explanation of 

 the attraction of gravitation, and cudenv 

 prove that the center of two balls, suspended by 

 two lengthy turds, would benearcreach other than 

 the cords would be at tbe top, is not mutual i 

 tion, as explained by the " Professor." 



Alter perusing the article, I hunted up 

 volume of Comstock's Philosophy, and found 

 therein an explanation similur to the one used by 

 ;' ■ i'i.-!i i, and I am inclined to believe this 

 be the (rut philosophy, although I do not dispute 

 that tin' cause ossigned by W. R. i 

 share of influence. But how much. If the cords 

 by which the balls are suspended were forty feet 

 apart at tbe top, nnd one-fourth of a mile in length, 

 they would opproacb each other, by reason of their 

 pointing towards the center of the curtb, just 

 thrrchnndredths of an inch; a distance barely 

 discernible with die naked eye; and, if the cords 

 wore very near each other the difference would he 

 proportionolely less. I regret that I have not the 

 figures on the Professor's side of the question, but 

 I 1 l.i li I. \V ft, will be convinced that, if there is a 

 pereeptiblo difference, the Professor must be right. 

 W. R. also inquires why east and west lines 

 inning around the earth arc not parallel. str.o-ht 

 IM, 1 think I can give the explanation. They 

 ., huL not, relatively, straight A 

 ae that runs directly around tbe 

 th, while the cast and west lines 

 the equator — consequently, a 

 ', would, on the opposite side of 

 of the equator, and 



public. Th 



have supplied, how 



gat line is 



cr or the . 



jini-iillel 

 ight line, b 



!" about 4'j" s 



3 west lines would be proporti 



much so that all paralleled latitude 



Within M would cross our straight line. Thisac- 



OUfl to in my, of the sun's rising north of east, 

 and netting north of west, i u the longest days. 

 I think W. It. must be in an err,., ,,. ■ 

 inrreyor running one mile east, and then one 

 lie west. He says the surveyor counot strike the 

 mc point from which he started. If so, it must 

 ou account of an imperfection in his iustiu- 

 f, tbence one 



mile north, theuc 

 i, htwill no; 



the north and 501 

 tbe difference wo 

 he onld run ejiacllv 

 SniLUioVhl, N. y.,lS 







xoclly ou the point from 

 uotoftbe i'.ii,i ■ 

 ' towards the polos ; but 

 be barely perceptible, even if 

 the directions mentioned. 



To-wonnow is like a juggler that deceives us; a 

 quack that pretends to cui 



not bear our own weight. It isafruit beyond 



hub bursts and ven- 



' ' leads many 



nd a rock that many mariners bare 



literary friend, the A'nrY/.TW 



of the trade," and give to the world the n; 

 of those who thus make playthings of human 1 

 We wish it Miece-s in the undertaking. The 

 cle which follows— on ftreaJ—i& the first of the 

 series, and though its length compels us to divide 

 and publish in two numbers of the Rural, tkp 

 portanceof the subject will, we think, fully justify 

 such procedure. As " Kniek" continues to en- 

 lighten upon the doubtful query — "What do we 

 Eat?" — we shall he happy in spread before our Ru- 



al parish, such portions us possess general in- 



:rest. But to the subject in hand: 

 What shall we cat 7 What shall we drink ? And 



herewitbal shall we be clothed? continue to be 



jnsiderations that exerci )e the carnal aDd worldly, 

 notwithstanding the Divine injunction to the con- 



peraistency in the effort to secure a ward- 

 robe, the wicked world has succeeded in a manner 

 quite satisfactory, Dueskni and calico have accom- 

 plished tbe result. If, however, (here be a great 

 lack of the conscientious fibre in the French cloths 

 manufactured iu the Bay Stale, and Valenciennes 

 and Brussels have not experienced the purifying 

 properties of the sea-uir, the delusion is perfectly 

 harmless. Tbe pocket, it is true, may be depleted 

 without adequate consideration ; and self-love may 

 wince under the conviction of a similatcd and taw- 

 dry apparel, but In this there is nothing alarmiugly 

 fatal. The innocent possessors of sensibilities so 

 delicate will survivo the shock of the exposure. 

 But eating and drtntuii/ re-mire serious considera- 

 tion. FfAoi it is Una people eat and drink they 

 scarcely know. There is n nomenclature, it is 

 true, belonging to this great science of regaling 

 the physical man ; but with reference to their origi- 

 nal applIo&HOn mid use, the terms now employed 

 ore certainly misnomers. We speak 

 more pnrtioularlj of articles of food 

 which undergo a process of preparation, 

 and are somewhat removed from a con- 



We find bread, for instance, com- 

 pounded of potatoes, iilum, beans, chalk, 

 carbonate of magnesia, silica, pipc-cluy, 

 bone-dust, plaster of Paris, sulphate of 

 copper, etc. 



Coffee is adulterated with chicory, 

 roasted wheat and beans, mangel wurt- 

 zcl, acorns, etc. Tea ts mixed with 

 leaves of beach, elm, willow, poplar, 

 saod, starch, etc., and the dangerous 

 auxiliaries, Venetian rcd.chromcyellow, 

 carbonate and arsetiite of copper, chro- 

 mate and bi-chromuie of potash, etc, are 

 subsidized to give the eouotcifeit the re- 

 quisite color. 



That which is sold for sugar, contains 

 sand and plaster of Paris. And tbe ceru- 

 fluid yclept milk, if it be not elabo- 

 rated in the diseased organisms of briefly 

 caudated animals, is at least diluted with ,? > of 



and thickened with chalk, and in some in- 

 .- v. lib shecps' brains! 



ay be Interesting to the extractors of tobacco- 

 o know, that while they are complacently en- 

 joying nn imaginary cud of placid contentment, 

 they are in fact chewing a qunl of hitter disappoin t- 

 Hn-c who resort to combustion of the 

 delightful narcotic for visions of happiness in the 

 ippcr-regiona of the blest, to learn that ihey are 

 egaltng themselTea irith lljC ' fumes of most unsen- 

 imental and umnapiriog materials. Tobacco con- 

 aius the following refreshing ingredients :— bran, 

 lakuin, cabbage leaves, sea weed, roasted ejhleory 

 oot, beet root dregs, fuller's earth, sal-ammoniac, 

 carbonate of ammonia, salt, potash, opium, etc. It 

 long ago, that an Importer in this city 

 refused to pay lire legal duties on a package of 

 gars at the Custom -House, on the ground that 

 ire teas u,d ., 



:. ,,( adulteration, when extended to 



. : .. 



hen it furtively intermixes a health nnd even lifc- 



, .,1. -lion M be exposed, in order that 



| ublie the condemnation it 



I to be entitled in the 



ihment of the baneful fraud. 



general alimentary 

 i c only pay an exorbitant 

 of really 



and arc only cheated tut ni' out money; bythc-sub- 



stiiuii.ni oi h i ri. :!■■-. :.,.-. i- i> I'd not equally 



, In which one 



we aro defrauded not only of our 

 money, but of the proper amount of 

 food, and theenjovment of it; or, final- 

 ly, which is fur worse, by the addition 

 of injurious, and often highly poison- 

 ous substances, for tbe purpose of giv- 

 ing a sal i>faclory color, improving the 

 appearance, or of disguising certain 

 products of decomposition in a dam- 

 aged article. In this last case we are 

 swindled every way — in our pockets, 

 our palates, and iu our pancreatic Tunc- 



Tbedelectionaudexposurcofalnrge 

 class of these adulterations is within 

 the province of chemical science, nnd 

 the analyst can with t 

 erring precision detect 

 of any of that class of substances 

 called inorganic, and detcrmi 

 quantity to the tninufost fracti 

 grain. But in dcterminalion of many 

 Organic substances, it becomes neces- 

 sary to call in tbe aid of the microscope. 

 Before this instrument was brought 

 to the aid of chemistry, many adulterations of food 

 of a most pernicious character were quite beyond 

 the reach of exposure. Chemical reagents re- 

 vealed very little respecting the use of organic 

 matter in adulterations. The chemist was utterly 

 powerless to distinguish the leaf of the veritable 

 T, Bohea of celestial growth, from that of the wil- 

 low or the hawthorn. lie could not distinguish 

 between pure ground coffee, aud tbe semblance of 

 it containing a large proportion of chicory. But 

 the microscope, with its auxiliary use of polarized 

 light, and the various superior appliances with 

 which modern art has supplied il, has left no prob- 

 lem unsolved in this direction. It unravels the 

 most delicate vegetable tissues, and by the peculiar- 

 ities of their structure, designates the true and the 

 false with unfailing certainly. All vegetable forms 

 have definite organisms, these organisms varying 





) plant. The i 



i marked difference 



itructure detectable 



and toi i iii. '.J hj ox- 

 t would be 



in different parts of the i 

 stem, leal' and fruit, all exhibi 

 iu their organic structure — a 

 in the minutest particle, eve 

 ground to impalpable powdci 

 eessive heat ; so that, for inat 



possible to adulterate the ground coffee berry with 

 other parts of the coffee plant without detection. 

 Even when there is a close resemblance in the 

 organisms to be singled out from each other, there 

 ight shades of difference (hat euable 

 the microscopist to decide with certainty between 



real aod the counterfeit. And so vigorously 



i tins instrument, in the bauds of 

 the form, measure the size, and 



cturc of the most delicate animal or vegetable 



hniama, that the most cunning adulterali 

 are brought to light, leaving no escape for those 

 who, iu supplying our alimentary wants, are 

 guilty of these criminal falsifications. 



Il then remains for the people at large to rebuke 

 the fraud, to redress the highhanded wrong, and 



t TOUTH.-Ko. IX 



■In my i M i i promised to loll Urt 

 boys, and the giris, t0u , 



melons Ac., u,u this p,omi« I Wl |, , 

 Mosl ol tin radishes gr 0lTn a „j w|d m Uftrd> 

 ' »■* »lwr,B UU«, Now> . ruill;lh> 



'■' ■ "'"■•" I mild. The 



reason why radishes are so hard ami . 

 they arc too long iu growing. A radish u 

 must bo grown quick, and for tin. 

 should not he sown until tbe weatlioi 

 mild in the spring, aud the ground warm, and ibfn 

 a warm, sheltered spot, on the south aide of a 

 feDce, in a warm jandy soil should be selected. To 

 make a sure thing of raising good radishes, go to 

 the woods, m on Lbs eonnfoD, where the soil h«a 

 ver been cultivated, take off the top soil, carry 

 home and mix with the garden soil. I have 

 ver Tailed to grow excellent nidi -lies on a new 

 1 1. Almost Bterj one can get a little for the pur- 

 pose, but where It cannot be ohl unod 



'■ excellent, coal u !,,■. ,. not as good, but 



beneflt,andbran is more costly, but firrtrate. 



Sow tho eccd in shallow drills, just far enough 

 apart to allow the soil to be loosened between. Af- 

 ter the sowing h done, allon nn old gardener to 

 ad»ise«H to scatter over the surface » Utile toot 

 from the chimney, or a little hue charcoal will do 

 though it is not so good. 



I recommended sowing on the south side of a 

 fence, on account of the warmth, but as we seldom 

 get a good without an evil, so there is somcovil 

 attending this course. On tbe sunny days of early 

 spring it will be very warm and comfortable under 

 this fence, and if the air is a little chilly you will 

 like to get there yourself, where you will be shel- 

 tered from the north wind, nnd watch the growing 

 of your radishes as soon ns they are up. But you 

 ore not (heonly one that will discover that this is 

 a very comfortable place. It will be found out by 

 about all the little insects in tbe garden, and there 

 they will assemble to enjoy themselves, and cat 

 their dinner. That little black, bopping flea, some- 

 times called tbe turnip fly, will be there in great 

 numbers, and they are very fond of the first thick 

 teuder leaves of the radish, turnip and cabbaga 

 family, and will cat small holes through them kill- 

 ing the plants. A lit tic ashes or any fine dust 

 sprinkled over lliem, early in The morning, when 

 th dew, will prevent the insects from eating. 

 Probably it injures their teeth. But Ibis washea 

 off with or cry shower, and is blown off when dry, 

 ud the insocta will Dnd it out long before you do, 

 ud make a good meal. The best remedy for this, 

 s to make a frame of boards around tho bed, and 

 but few of theso troublesome fly a will gooT«i it. 

 They probably think it is some trap, in which 

 they dare not venture. My space is so fully occu- 

 pied, that I will reserve the remarks on growing 



■other i 



Old ( 



A WOKD TO THE BOYS, 



a few days 



v-lul - 





our Stale Prison. 1 

 I should he unwillln 

 t forget il if I wouh 

 lit motley array of a 



Eui 



to punish, throusli the 

 who thus recklessly tri 



If by the publicatio 

 chemical analyses of food, accompanied by the 

 most searching microscopic examinations, 

 expose " tho tricks of trade," and awaken 

 OWU Citizens a determination to live longer and 

 betlcrou^mre food, tbe effort shall not be wanting 

 and the names of manufacturers and dealers wht 

 (so far as our investigations extend) are guilty of 

 these adulterations, will be published All that 

 we d.- ue i.i. the co-operatimi of manufacturers and 

 dealers, ond the sympathy of the suffering public 



Above we give illustrations showing granules of 



starch from different grain.-*, which will i--- mor 



. ■.'. i..-, i will ulv 



be given engravings exhibiting rarieties offiwgu 



growth and animal culm in damaged flour. 



1 



that one of tho sen 



re . 



trials Of a Bor- 



. 





!,■ 



■ 





sociely of Ins own s 



,il 



I once heard 











.. 



steep, by which all 



IM 



an Mpamti .1 





the] would all die of self- 



aontempt 









io I-....1; upon again. I c 



ages and conditions. K 

 their fellows allowed, even under the eye of a vigi- 

 lant keeper; and then, os Ihey were examined, 

 marched to their cells and locked up for the night, 

 only to pursue again that unvaried round of labor 

 for months and years, and some for life. O, how 

 it made my heart ache. It was sad to SG among 



them young in-, n iu freshness and rigor i led BJ 



crime to that wretched life, Old mm, too, even 

 with gray hairs, were there, — not a*"crown of 

 glory," but badges of shame were theirs. But if 



it was sadder still to see an g litem 



/,„.,., ■""■ ■'■ * ■"'. ■'■■■ /•»'>■(• ->i ,'/■."■■■■ ./ aye, younger 

 of my own little hoys at home. And then 

 I thought, if bo nnd other boys could ouce look 

 pon such a scene, it would be a life-long lesson to 



ic warden very kindly answered nil inquiries j 

 11 bat da you think brought that boy there? It 

 pas-iion, uacwitroltid f< mptr. lie commenced 

 in play, then got angry with a playmate, aud 

 :ic- boat of passion dealt him blows that took 

 ile, "Ho did not mean to do it," bo said.— 

 mhly he did not, but his sorrow could not 

 ire hie. Au indict meul was found. He pleaded 

 guilty, ami now, in silence and shame, the weary 



rs that should have gladdened Lis parent' ■ I >.' 



are dragged on iu those prison walls, Would he 

 not soy to you, boys govt . 



Another sad fact tbe wardei 

 one hundred and one convicts, aU l><d »ix wcro 

 brought there by the useofiutoxiculmg drinki, I 

 hope not one of all tbe hoys who read this, will 

 ever touch, taste or handle liicde.-troy trig cup; but 

 very many of them I fear bare nol perfectly learned 

 thai difficult lesson-to- ■-. D 



think, when templed to auger, to what it may lead 1 



in il,... ,. 



-Itlukeslilllomento 

 :>n fire, a'" J I"'''-"' 1 ' tlU ' '''cir jobs neatly. Show me 

 \ big fallow, and ten to one I'll show you a big 

 joi.hy. but introduce me to a small sba?er-any 

 . 

 : ! -' ■ ... .. nd to i 

 fellow that knows what's what, and who has plen- 

 ty of brains iu bis bead, if he hasn't got much to 

 boast of in the i 

 a general rule, the cause ol 



rueu's meat go 

 . .ouls; couae- 

 : . 

 larger the mental developments, and vice verso. 



Acts of love and kindness naturally conciliate 



