

MGOHE'S KUEAL IHEW-YOBKBR. 



SCHOOL GOVERNMENT. 



Ofll pr«I hindrance to succc«ful leaching is the 

 want of« proper '«<"".» (o govern, yet. by careful 

 ■ludrof tiit "- 1 ' r children, asd. 



% deUrwiMii™ to succeed, Urn may be quired 



, [tent [tia a fart lobs n 



msny of our instructors teach only from ft lore of 



wayofacquir- 



1 title regard to tbe per- 



:,,,ition of the 



moral and intellectual rhoractcr of their pupils .— 



fcnch i* tli': ' h™ "P"" ** 



Dd, and so Mrong tbe determination 



. Hum have been 



: . | dig of lebool decide! 



■ :i tbt tMOb« Iball be io the manage 



roc-Dt of hi- ' 



APTNESS OF ILLUSTRATION 



Tn- 



I of .. 







dc 



Thli 





, bol I 



■r [■„■ 



■ 



1 1 of on ai 



hill 0] b 



I,,,..". 



I | i tin first wrl; "i 



■ ol rule* in aconspicn- 

 ■■-. have entered 

 be read with a you'll- 

 f nothing wee expected 

 i the meantime let par- 

 es!] their attention to the 



forgotten to 

 raaultl The 



plow ,,, the Boraw, What 



:.,.!,■ ill ometlml lli'-V an 



iin i' in-ill'. , and will nut conform tu the rules of the 

 m In. i,l null'-- to UOftpe |iuiii-liiiii'iLt — their chief 

 aim being i" thwtrl the plant of the tciicber. But 



little adronei i I idj -the lima is 



worse than uselessly spent, because habits arc 

 formed irbioh require u great deal of correction to 

 overcome. Vet this called teaching tchool, from 

 the feci thai people aupposo hnpingiaxi Uaehing 



■.■■,!-,.... I I ■ I ! I 



Tin u' sir i- in-tuLier.i when corporeal punishment 

 led In ■ piiitnpt obcdicuce must be 

 given— yet do not lose your influence orer a cbild 

 by continued threats. Let every rule be well con- 

 sidered, and the necessity fot making it, before it 

 i jiri ii to the school aroid making rules aa much 

 aa poatible. If the scholars are interested in study 



tin", lllll lIlli'iphlK' t I m ■ I r , ■, - ■ I V ■ ■ ■ , mill lii Hie llllaill- 



ment of this em I tin- teacher shmild leave no means 



i in ver speaking In « harah or unkind 

 manner— always hating perfocl aalf-control — never 

 Any i ne; tilings hastily— of which you will have cause 

 torcgret—in short, "let patience do her perfect 

 work," and you will teach your scholars tuhmUtion 

 . w 1ml, i.i better tluiii precept. 



It disposed (o i' limn tlir , induct of a child, 



look at the motive, not the deed. We know not 

 how hard tho battle before wrong overcame right — i 



le-j upon the amount of knowledge 

 ossesses, than upon bis abiltty for importing 

 others. Hence we sec, not unfrequently, men 

 of greet erudition unsuccessful in the profession 

 and their department (if ft speciality in an acade- 

 my or college) the peculiar dread and horror of all 

 *tudents. Class after cli 

 ' in voting such a member of the learned faculty 

 bore; and bold a jubilee over the hour of cman 

 cipation from his authority. And yet, as a mai 

 and a scholar, all concur in the opinion that In 

 elands in the foremost rank. The dry and prosy 

 details of 



pupils in naked general formula-, unillustrnted by 

 ;. inks, and unilluminated by special 

 applications, make, at the best, but fai 

 perfect impressions. In order to render these 

 general truths valuable to pupils, the ingenuity of 

 the instructor is taxed to the utmost. One illus- 

 hich is perfectly understood by one, may 

 be utterly incomprehensible to another; and one 

 reflection from the master mind, which kindles a 

 responsive ray in one intellect, may leave another 

 still in doubt and obscurity. Hence the necessity 

 of varied illustration; and hence, as a consequence, 

 the greater success •,( (he ingenious teacher who 

 is fertile in expedients, awake to Ins subject, and 

 capable of holding it up to view in nil its varied 



We do not advoculelhc substitution of ingenuity 

 for erudition, or fertility of expedients for pro- 

 fundity of wisdom ; we would have the latter, at nil 

 events, but we would have it cum rjrano talis. Tho 

 profoundest blockhead in the world, is the learned 

 blockhead. The successful teacher, in addition to 

 hie book learning, must be familiar with common 

 things; must understand and be competent to 

 draw examples from the cvery-doy affairs of life, 

 lie ought to be able {but it is not usually the best 

 way) to soar high or dive deep for 

 Things palpable and familiar, mi 

 from day to day, and are seen and known by tho 

 pupils, arc usually much to bo preferred, 

 latter assert an absurdity, show up the absurdity 



ridiculous light; if ho stagger under i 



obscure or weighty truth, alleviate his burtln 



cognate truth more easily understnod. 



Humble expedients can be resorted to wi 



great success; a knitting needle thrust through 



potato represents admirably the axi 



licre ; a thistle down is one of the best r 



amples of spherical rndii; the scale of 



imeter, or north and south longitudes an 



ADULTEBATIONS OF FOOD. 



(Concluded from pace 159.) 

 Tna followiug list, taken from the results of the 

 labors of Hassall, ttarcct, Mitchell, and others, of 

 England, and corroborated by examinations in our 

 own country, will giro a condensed history, past 

 and present, ol the .J iterations of the more com- 

 mon articles of food. Many of tho substance? used 

 are not only harmless, but even nutritions, but 

 their presence too often involves the addition of 

 still other and mure objectionable constituent*, for 

 the sake of preserving color, ond improving the 

 general appearance of the articles. 



, thru 





lent illustrations of positi 

 the leaves of a book 

 make diedral angles; tin 

 right quadrangular pyra 

 a cylinder, Ac., Ac. 



iball wi then blot out every pun 

 nind of the child by hasty eh 

 ood counsel nud words of euei 

 d Impression which shall hi' lai 



■ ■ Log one* 

 Si ii Lebanon, CoL Co., N, T., IB! 



rnpulsc from tho 

 lUsement or by 



ing, and thereby 

 F-uir.T Elli 



STUDY -BOOKS. 

 Are books the only source from which we c 



obtain knowledge f or, an there are other mei 



by which the mind may be educated* We are bi 



thai these question! open a Bald of thought 

 which vf a may take long and pleasant rambles. 



1 ■' i ■■ . . -. v.. , ... i i,., ii.,.,:. ii 

 when the much-wished fur \ acution come, wo wi 

 through with our studies; but little did we think 

 , two I baaed through tho fields and over the hills 

 With gleeful shouts, that wo were under the 

 • Iniclion of Nature's silent teachings — that tho 



■un, ii mid slurs, the rainuud dew, taught 



" lubl I, -.uns," and that the grassy carpi 



Death OUT foot, the ttowam trees and stones 

 full of instruction. Thus we find 



"Books In lac running brooks," 



ud tn 1',1'iviiim.. around ai rnlnmoa of tho 

 which, 'i we take tho pains to peruse, will ius 

 i, and wo will be butter able to understand the 



handiwork of Nni 



■Unv.-,l from books ap. 



■■ l insipid; while that da- 



Ifttl myxtfries of Nnturo which 



surround u<, nn, 1 wblofa wo draw 

 air we breathe, la something rral, 

 books i. - 



It ourselves for the evcry-day tronsactii 



I <" » Whon we are sufficiently 



iklllad in this branch to perform our work 

 rnetnesi, our education ism 

 1 ■ 

 Mini; the plow or leveling the forest 



thi workehop, the process 



U still in operation. Hen hsTolired nod died dur- 

 ing put CfiOtu i he opportunity 



■■■■ ■ ,im iUod frnnj b iol . Butwei 

 '"i ■ Did thi | i, "i let the mind go 

 11 lh« beauties of Natural And so 



'' "hi. instruol Fa great and 



- Th..u B i, u„ MioiU, dleua,hoMingBnrtlho|uoir, 



The roiin.l , : . ^ * 



biwaS? -Jiu Nature' 



■ 

 Dr. Tti>K narratut lU i 

 i ngo, I-.iiin N-.j!,;, ...... [„„],,. . - (1 r 



..■Idlers in hi* i.ii.i. i,,s,. unuT'l,- t , 

 «dfor a contract t.. u-ach t!..,,, A 

 man undcrtunk the task. Uc iuked 

 ■or no books—nothing but slates and pencils H.. 

 I 

 il Ins dictation, tbei all 



1 to choose, and 

 .... ;ruets in the language, the 



■ U ".»«Wu] nn,| ulT.vtiui; (]],- I i.vspel l.iv.l, l, tl 



• 



the hands of 



i and negati 

 it different incl 

 hopper of & n 

 id ; a section of stove 

 All nature and all 

 id the teacher, not 

 proud to avail himself of homely expedients, 



indolent to duplicate them for the benefit of 

 the less acute of his pupils, need not despair of 

 j leading bis charge upon an upward road. 

 ' Tho teacber loses nothing of dignity bv the 

 simple illustration of a knotty point; nothing of 

 mouhood by beinL* Ijboi-u.us and patient in clear- 

 ing obstructions from the pathway of a plodding 

 and ungifted student; nothing of self-respect by 

 remembering that what he himself now sees clear 

 as the sun, was once difficult to comprehend; 

 nothing of pre-eminence by reflecting that he 

 stands upon a higher plane, and can see further 

 than the youth below, struggling up tho steep. 

 We, who have taught for u series of years, some- 

 times forget that we were pupils once ourselves; 

 and, seeing the path so plainly now, wonder that 

 Our disciples do not see it also. 



The writer was once, during a college vacation, 

 teaching a district school in Massachusetts, and 

 numbered among his pupils a little girl thirteen or 

 fourteen years of age, who possessed a remarkable 

 mind. Ambitious ol dihtinelifm, and sensitive of 

 reproof, she rarely merited the one, or failed of 

 Seining the other. Not comprehending readily, 

 oue day, several illustrations of the old Arithmet- 

 ical rule of Practice, the writer remarked some- 

 what abruptly, it may be impatiently :— "It is pose- 

 iog strange you can not see a point so plain." Tht 

 poor girl burst into tears of mortified pride, at tht 

 implication of dullness, and answered : "I could sec 

 it if I was not a fool !" The error on the part of the 

 teacher was repaired as speedily as possible, by 

 telling her that il wus not surprising a pupil fail 

 occasionally to grasp a principle ; and that teacln 

 sometimes forgot, iu the familiarity of repeated 

 application, that they themselves had 

 with difficulty on the same points. The poor girl 

 probably soon forgot the circumstance, ond 

 it the momentary pang; but he who inflicted it by 

 iui impulse of thoughtless impatience, will carry 

 the .eeollo.Mie.nof it as a caution while he lives.- 

 She, several years since, went to her rest 

 morning of a brilliant and promising life, 



labors in the profession, BtriTing 

 - with "aptness of illustrati 

 young, 



i, Starch granules of WhcaMonr ; 

 if;) .-, Sporulea of Uredo Carles 

 Flofb— Elce, beans; rye, corn, 

 linn, iiuuu-duit, powdered flints, pi 



potato; rioe, bean, 



" "ae-clay, 



er, suli 



■,lead, Itod, sand, chalk, pipe-cla'y,p 



I, Pneciula Gn 



(I, Sporulesof UrcdoSeguiuru. 1 



and potato-flour 



:. plaster u 





, nw ri gold- u 



; sugar, chicory, * 







eom, ludiy., I'rn-- 

 if time and magnesia. 



sulphate 



her teacher 



in a humble 



to instil into the minds of 



those scientific truths which render 



the Immortals.— J/lng York Zhw&ar. 



LEARN ALL YOU CAN. 





iy opportunity (o learn all you can. 



■tags coaoh in' 



i something he 



is generally 



edge. It is, therefore, 



:. yot ore among persons whom vou 



think ignorant ; for a sociability on your part will 



diaii tlii'm out, nml tli,_i u,ll | (l . a \,\,. ,,, , ljdl VllT| 



lethm^ no^ matter how ordinary their euiplov- 



i of the most sagacious remurks 



of this description, respecting 



thefamous Scotch Geologist, owes 



I » -luarry. "SocmVea well said that there 



di b is knowledge, and but one ev 



^Lt* : C T A GO'*" digger takes the small. 

 ay because h„ hop*s t find Auge lump «™ 



Sir Walti 



always found somebody to tell Inn 

 Conversati 

 useful than book;, for the purpose of knowl- 



your part 



Indeed, s 

 made by per 



r particular pursuit. 







a'-T'irin,; knowledge, we should 



» BBomenfa lejst 



th the first person 



tli" diicriminatiii 

 ■ 



■ 

 ore delicate shades of difference tbi 

 characterise them in the eye of the ol | 



difference in aiie, however, of these and other va- 

 rieties of starch granules, is generally sufficient 

 then frnm each other, varying, as lb 

 do. from the one hundred and eightieth part of i 

 inch — the size of potato-starch — to the twelve 

 hundredth part of an inch, about the average di- 

 ameter of the granules of buckwb. m 



The characteristic shapes exhibited by the gran- 

 ules of the potato, sago, and tapioca starches, and 

 West India arrow-root, under the mtcrosrope, are 

 sufficient, independently of It,. 

 sizes, to distinguish them. The oyster- 

 shape, and the distinctness of the con- 

 iv i ii - t hei r common focus, 

 ■ ' .ill it, at one end, mark 

 i irch; the oblong form, 

 truncated atone end, that of sago; the 

 irregularity of form, sometir. 

 becoming triangular, that of 

 or West India "arrow-root; 1 

 nearly circular form, and the tendency 

 to compound granules, consisting of two, 

 three, or even four united, that of tapi- 

 oca. Thus by the microscope, and by 

 that alone, we detect the adulterati 

 sagu .villi potato flour; tapioca wit 

 tato flour and sago meal; aud West 

 India arrowroot with oil thrt 



Bread in itself contains nearly all the 

 elements, and in almost the requisih 

 proportions, indispensable to the auate 

 nance tifuiuu; nerve and smew, hone aud 

 adipose tissue, alike gather strength ond 

 fulness from its substance. It is, more 

 ■orules than any thing else, the universal pabu- 

 of Civilised man. Not inappropri- 

 ately, then, has the word "bread" become the 

 synonym of food. Such is the universal necessity, 

 such the unceasing demand for, andenormous con- 

 sumption of, bread, that the adulteration, even to 

 a moderate degree and with the least hurtful ma- 

 terials, becomes a great wrong to the public : but 

 the revelations of the microscope and the test-tube 

 show that the avarice of the dealer has not spared 

 even the "staff of life." Figure 2 (sec Rural of 

 last week.) represents the starch granules of differ- 

 ent varieties of flour, as seen by the microscope, 

 and illustrates the case with which the more inno- 

 cent modes of adulteration — the mixture of infe- 

 rior with the more valuable farinas — are detected. 

 The starch is readily separated from the gluten, by 

 making a thick paste of the flour, wrapping it in a 

 piece of cotton cloth, and kueodiug it with the 

 fingers while a very small stream of water is n 

 ing over it. The starch washes throngh the do 

 and will subside readily in the water, and may 

 easily transferred to the microscope. If it shot 

 be a sample of damaged flour, yon may find se 

 tercd here and there in the held of the instrume 

 the different varieties of fungus growths depicted 

 in Figure S, b, o, d, or which b, (Puccinia Gramin- 

 is.) is commonly known as rvtt; c, (Uredo Caries,; 

 as pepper-brand; and d, (Uredo Segetum.) as 



STUDY AND LABOB. 



kNow«o that there arc manv tmart vouug read- 

 crs of the Rcral, who would delight to assist one 

 who is first commencing business for himself, that 

 is, trying to do something f or ft living, 1 would 

 ask a plain, perhaps » , imp i e ,, UC6ll0D# so l!lBl 

 there will be no doubt but what I .hall „| ull Ul „ 

 information I desire. My question is can a man 

 be both a student and a farmer at the »amo time * 



Having commenced farming for my occupation 

 during the summer, and wishing to make th« bt*t 

 use of my time, I would, if thought best by my 

 young friends, follow a course of study ; or, if n,,, 

 would take too much time, reading would answer 

 very well. My experience, as far as it goto, i,.|| s 

 me that to make farming profitable aud pUaiant, I 

 must give up studying mtirily, and attend to one 

 thing at a time. For iustance— the other day my 

 employer sent me to the village expressly on busi- 

 ness; and for fear lest my memory should provo 

 treacherous I took my errands with me on paper. 

 I had a good time riding to the village, thiuking 

 Of what I bad read a few days previous. When I 

 arrived there, hastily glanced at my paper and 

 read my errands. Having got what I ruppottd 

 was right, took my homeward way, nud finished 

 my review, in maV /. of the history of tho Cartha- 

 ginians. When I returned homo, I found that I 

 had, through my great eagerness to return to my 

 traiu of though, made a grand mistake, both in 



tJH'.intity and quality of tht: run . :, i ■ 



gone after. You can imagine my feelings. I mod, 

 emphatically felt ashamed of myself. This, I 

 think, conclusively proves that to follow too em- 

 ployments, is neither profitable, nor, to meet with 

 the success that I have met with, pleasant. Advice 



wauted. 



VlNTO 





Pompey, N. T., 1809. 







Reuabks. — Although 



we lenve these quest 



one 



to he answered by Io 



ng Rureiists, yet wo 



will 





It is difficult to do 





things at once, and it is 



equally difficult to do 



one 



thing well unless the n 



ind as well as the ho 





are engaged in the work. But, because a 



UU 



Such are the results of the investigations J 

 which we have referred. In view of the diversity 

 of the constituents, which is shown by the aboTc 

 list to enter into our daily food, the 

 classify man as an omnivcrous 



liinaiK'St Si 

 niL'iuoiis .' 



mal, 





Judging us by the amount offer- 

 chalk, pipe-clay, plaster of Paris, 

 obliged to swallow in our daily 

 bread, we might also appropriately be ranked with 

 •t of Siam or Kamtschatka. Fortu- 

 nate indeed if we are nut pinched with colic, pros- 

 trated with paralysis, and irrecoverably poisoned 

 through the insidious effect of the most destructive 

 - and ovydcswilb which our food is 



Many foreign articles come to our markets sur- 

 charged with villainous compounds; while the 

 modes of adulteration in this country differ but 

 little from those employed in England, except in 

 where the required material is cheaper or 





■ Of * 



These fungi we have often detected in an eiai 

 of samples of inferior brands of flour 

 New York city. They will seldom be found c 

 sociated together in the same sample. 



A still more uninviting picture is somelimes ,■ 

 Incited by the microscope, and one that is calc 

 luted to suspend the gnawing of hunger iu a seni 

 •e stomach. (See Fig. 4.) 

 The Vibriooes Tritici exist usually in tl 

 blighted grains of wheat, as a cottony substance, 

 bibiting great activity except when perfectly 

 dry. From this latter condition, however, lifeless 

 they appear, and though they crumble at the touch, 

 they can bo restored to a lively existence by simple 

 moistening. Il Ims been isupposed that these ani- 

 malcules do not find their way iuto flour through 

 the meshes of the miller's bolt in <_'-ch a lis- 

 but they certainly exist in the damaged 

 article. 



The Acurus Farina; is another accom- 

 paniment of damaged flour; a, «, b, C, 

 represent this mite in its different stages 

 of development, from the ovum to the 



To the adulterations of flour and bread 

 with the inferior farina, there is another 

 class of substances superadded that can 

 be detected only by the aid of chemical 

 reagents. We_refer;to the extensive use 

 of alum, sulphate and carbonate of lime, 

 and more rarely perhap3, carbonate of 

 magnesia. The use of alum si 

 ricty of purposes ;— First, it enables the 

 baker to asc a larger proportion of 

 fcrior (lour without essentially affecting 

 the appearance of his bread. Secondly, 

 he can use with impunity damaged flour. 

 Thirdly, it gives to bread, made even 

 from the best Hour, a whiter appearance; 

 Carbonates of lime aud magnesia are also 

 used for the purpose of improving the 



■; d, d, appearance o| bread ami disguising an 

 inferior quality of Hour. 

 The eflect upon health of the daily use of these 



substances, with some of which baker's bread 



iimost anfrernaUy contaminated, is most pen 

 cious. The continual use of food containing ci 

 bonate of magnesia is likely to result in the fc 

 mation of the most painful calculi. We ask for 

 bread, and they give us a stone. 



Tho astringent effect of alum as a medicine 

 .should sutisfy us -if itn evil effects us a constituent 

 of food. The natural result from its contiuual use 

 is acidity of the stomach, costiveness, dyspepsia. 

 We may here state that, with scarcely an exception, 

 alum is to a fearful degree a constituent of baker s 

 bread iu New York city; and in many instances, 

 lime and other deleterious anbatanoes arc associ- 

 ated therewith.— JOt&taroacfeP Jfagaein*. 



has to sow and reap, or build houses, or edit a 

 newspaper, it does not follow that he should ttot 

 read, inform his mind, and become ml, n hi m 

 other subjects not directly connected with his busi- 

 ness. What we should learn is to gain such con- 

 trol over the mind as to he able to direct our tlio'ls 

 to the business in which we are engaged, and keep 

 them there until it is accomplished. Our young 

 friend needs mental discipline. 



not one in a hundred wore 

 s ngo not a boy in a thou- 

 /j't,, run at large at night. Fifty 

 j« (,'itl in ft thousand made a wuil- 



(ii.T i Rapid Gbowtu.— As a general rule Ihe 

 object of the" young gardener, and old gardener 

 too. should be to get a rapid and constant growth 

 ou everything he plants. If anything occurs to 

 check or suspend the growth of a plant, it is very 

 hard to get it started again. It is often better to 

 sow again than to wail for the sickly plant to re- 

 cover. My promised letter about growing melons 

 I will give the boys next week. It won't do to 

 sturt them too early, or the cold nights we have 

 occasionally at this season will stunt them, which 

 is just about as bad as killing them outright. 



Om> GABDBXta-t. 



LACK OF REVERENCE IN THE YOUNG. 



Rev. A. Shitd, Commissioner of Public Schools 

 in Ohio, in a recent report, makes some forcible 

 remarks upon the want of good manners shown 

 by the youth of the present day in their conduct 

 toward the oged. After alluding to the deference 

 and respect which the youth of former days were 

 taught to extend to their superiors in age aud wis- 

 dom, he says: 



But where, in all our land, does this good old 

 practice now prevail * Who does not know that 

 bows and courtesies on the part of our boys and 

 girls are obsolete? It has been remarked that 

 " there are thousand.-* ol boys in tins great country, 

 not one of whom has ever made a bow, unless wheu 

 he had occasion to dodge a snow-ball, a brick-bat 

 bowlder." » 



me eight or ten winters siuce Ex-Governor 

 Everett, of Massachusetts, with the Into Amos 

 Lawrence, was in a sleigh, riding iuto Boston. As 

 they approached a school-house a score of yonng 

 boys rushed into tho street to enjoy their afternoon 

 recess. Said the Governor to his friend, "Let us 

 observe whether these boys make obeisance to us, 

 as we were taught fifty years ago." At the samo 

 time he expressed the fear that habits ol civility 

 were less practiced than formerly. As they passed , 

 the school-house all question and douht upon the 

 subject received a speedy if not satisfactory settle- 

 ment, for each one of twenty Juvenile New Eng- 

 enders did his best il BuOW-boUuig the wayfaring 



DON'T BE HASTY. 



1. Because you will be likely not t.. tn 

 two very good friends, Reason and Conscience, who 

 ivill u-.it LiivL' a chance to speak. 



" Because you will have to travel over the same 



(jroimd in company vi illim,,- <„!„■< -Second Tl -1,1 



wli.1 "id be more likely t<> have with him a whip of 

 scorpions than a bunch of flowers. 



Because the words or actions involved i 



likely than otherwise to be misundcrMo.M. 

 crcly judged. 

 me way to please and give 



■ 



and therefore 

 I, !;■ caaie tnii 



great advantage t 



■ called ' 



piiWcrful __.. 

 World," and ....... . 



be counted in this very trap, 

 doing you 



Because 

 low-traveler 



that is hastv ■ 



■ ' ■ .atleth lolly.' 



i likely to be a f 



< f..l! 





"He 



:;,:;- 



S,a'-t IL"' 

 ipi 

 The ll,..u-l,l , of every i 



■ tn-kindled tl 



throw, with Second Though 



■ : 

 pany 



^ . *? o >' 



