r~^~ 



\ ill 



TWO DOLLARS A WAR] 



'PROGRESS AND ISIPROVEMKNT.'' 



[SINGLE NO. I-OTTR CENTS. 



VOL X. NO. 26. f 



ROCHESTER, N. Y.-FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, JUNE 25, 1859. 



{WHOLE NO. 494. 



MOOKE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 



EUHAI, UTSRIM i.VD FAMI.T NEWSPAPER 



rwlw* 



•uliural, Unruculiural. 8 



/ 



PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS. 



now be permitted to wear the garb of idleness- 

 mat is tho viper which slings the farmer's purse — 

 norwil] tln-y where the largest possible yield is 

 diligently sought. The ground should be stirred 

 often (to prevent Hie growth of weeds which 

 would lob both crop und husbandman,) and deep- 

 ly, that the roots may extend and appropriate 

 the moisture an.l fertilizing element a which would 

 Otherwise bo denied them. 



As regards the prore** of hay-making, our views 

 have been so fully and frequently given in the 

 Rl-bal that we will not at present trench upon 

 the subject, except in one respect, — tin 

 curing. There are men in this vicinity who, when 

 they have a load to sell, are oftentimes compelled 

 to stay in the "market all the day long," and 

 never get as good prices as their neighbors 

 (whose surplus may be readily contracted,) can 

 command. The grosses cultivated by both parties 

 arc the same— the some heavens overhead und the 

 same ear lb under their feet — equal opportunities 

 •re afforded each — then, why the difference!' 

 These things being so, it is evidently caused by 

 carelessness or a lack of knowledge. The pro- 

 cess of curing should, if possible, be perfected 

 in the cock. Hoy thus made retains more of the 

 color and juices of the grass tbsu when thinly 

 spread over the Held exposed to the rays of a 

 burning sun, It should, if spread, be gathered 

 into windrows or "foot-cocks" at night— dew fall- 

 ing upon it when scattered results in more or less 

 injury. The chief point after cutting is to pre- 

 serve it from dew and ralr, as these soon wash 

 Away the solublo salts, and its keeping qualities 

 are thereby seriously affected, for bay thus dete- 

 riorated ferments very readily when stacked. If 

 the weather is unfavorable the less hay is shook 

 about the better. It will preserve its nutritive 

 properties for a considerable period of time if left 

 undisturbed, hut wben submitted to repeated dry- 

 ings and wettings it is soon utterly ruined. 



The time for Weaning Lamb* is fast approach- 

 ing, as an inquiry upon the subject from a Penn- 

 sylvania subscriber indicates. Wben the facts 





Iu this 





relative to corn for foiling purposes. Prepare 

 any good- strong soil in same manner as for full 

 crop, mark with corn-marker in drills, and sow at 

 the rate of four or five bushels to the acre— thirty 

 or forty kernels to tho foot. Toko a light corn 

 run it each side of the drill, aud the 

 seed ft covered. A Connecticut correspondent of 

 the Ri in., who hu for several years thus occu- 

 pied any spare day between June 15th aud July 

 1st, states that he has met with the foot Success 

 in tho use of either tho Southern lliut or Ohio 

 gourd seed, these varieties attaining a much 

 greater growth than any of the kinds commonly 

 planted in the New England States. The ouly 

 after culture given is n, ruo t o0 cultivator or 

 shovel-plow once between tho rows, when the corn 

 is from eighteen inches to two feet high. Cut and 

 feed when the postures are affected by summer 

 drouths. By so doing plenty of room is furnished 

 upon which to completely cure whatever may ro- 

 main standing late iu the season. If anyattempts 

 are made to preserve the surplus for winter fodder 

 —for which it will prove of exceeding vali 

 must be spread very thin to prevent heating and 

 mildew. The editor of the Springfield (Moss 

 SttmbHtem last year tested Southern corn for tb 

 object, and thus relates his experience :— " Aboi 

 II of May lost wc planted the seed i 

 i Idlfl of July it ha 



rown atari) flre foal tn height We cut some i 

 L close to the ground and some of it twtlrc t 

 chcahigh, in order to tat its ubiliu t 

 'ownd crop from one sowing. We find 

 ut close to the ground does not start, 

 grows at the rote of about 



that that c 



wiug cold 



: the 



i period,— causing heavy losses to fJock-rnas- 

 -is considered, a few words thereupon may 

 prove of value, especially to the inexperienced. 

 About four months from date of parturition is the 

 isually given the lamb to suckle in this lati- 

 This is governed somewhat by the breed, 

 eonilitioo.aud disposition to be made of the young, 

 mutton varieties, and designed for the butch- 

 longer or shorter period may be allowed, the 

 being jffnm for sale. The first thing is to 

 separate ewes and lambs as widely as possible— 

 thej should bo out <A sight and licmnii; r>f each 

 r. A better pasture must be provided (not 

 luxuriant, however,) for the young, as an 

 equivalent for the loss of the mother's milk. Here 

 spot at which many flock-masters fail. An 

 opportunity to overfeed being given, the lambs 

 themselves, and acute discuses *i uickfv deoi- 

 the flock. Where an error of this nature 







HJl all baneful effects will be "pre- 

 vented if they bare been previously trained to eat 

 salt, which when given freely, operates much to 

 counteract hoove, and some other diseases of the 

 digestive organs. When lambs are first placed 

 upon clover, give them all the salt they will eat. 

 If this is done, the gases evolved, instead of act- 

 ing as in cases of hoove, will pass naturally 

 through the intestines." For the ewes, the poor- 

 est pasture should be selected for a week or two, 

 else distension of the udders and inflammation, 

 or garget, are likely to result. Should this prove 

 tho case, they ought to be separated from the 

 rest of the Dock and milked for a few days. In 

 this department, us in every other upon the form, 

 the watchful, careful mt 



ith. LiL 







three inches a day. The 



lower it will do to cut n \y c 11Tll 

 repeated crops, of course each timi 

 until frost Mini 



Whan it gets through raining » d 

 —which it probably will one „f u, ew d» V s-! lucil 

 will be a loud call upon the farmer frotu tb e Aa» 

 jCsU, and this is one of that class of ■'tall*' 

 which must bo received and responded to w , (u 

 promptness. When tho heavens are propiti „ s 

 and the grass In Just tbe right condition for the 

 commencement of operations, every man ought to 

 "put in on appearance" immediately, and each 

 implement be in readiness. There will be no 

 time f or repairs then— if mowing machines or 

 scythes need an introduction to a mechanic, give 

 it oow-u* rake* exhibit marks of last years con- 

 test, sad re^mr, dental improvement, let such 

 ill attain the desired 



NOTES AND LNQULBIES ABOUT POTATOES. 



better In all re»perts fur strong tand.-S., lirttct, 



The Fluk4 is always described in the English 

 journals as being a "coaru growtr." Indeed, 

 greatest objection made to it is being "too i 

 in the haulm," and wben grown on rich land 

 the tubers are too large, and deformed. This 

 accords with your description. Tou have, no 

 bV f the Lrenuioe English Fluke. The Country 

 Ointltman, in noticing our recent article, says: — 

 "The Rem. Nrw-Yohkbr pronounces these two 

 varieties identical, and thinks the change of name 

 was given for purposes of speculation. Perhaps 

 iderably resemble 

 in growing each 

 different It that we have 

 The Fluke turned 

 three years under 



a decided success. The vines of the first- 

 1 were dwarf and bush-like, those of the lost 

 lium length, and the usual appearance. Tbe 

 ct of the first was very small potatoes, 

 b on equally good soil with the Alberts, 

 which were mostly very large and handsome. We 

 have seen Flukes of equally good appearance." 



Our Albony friend must have grown his FUtttt, 

 with " dwarf and buth-Uke vine*," on some of the 

 'Albany harrtna." If the Prince Albert grows 

 more rank than the Fluke, it is not wanted in 

 WttUrn New Tori. But of their identity we have 

 no question. We have tubers received under both 

 i in our office, from different sources, and no 

 i can tell the one from the other. We have 

 tbern growing on tbe same soil, side by side, and 

 labels are the only means we have of distin- 

 guishing them. We bare no question of tbeir 

 identity. It the Princt Albert is not tbe Fluke, 

 ivho can tell where and when it originated? 



> potatoes mix by different torts being planted 



er? Borne soy they do not. I tblnk they do. 



Please settle the question through tho Edeal beyond 



inht— L. F. H., Sttfatt^ Alley. Co., 2f. Y. 1859. 



Potatoes will not mix, as supposed by ourcor- 



spondent. Plant a set of a Merino and a 2f>xi- 



n in the same hill, aud continue this practice 



r ten years, and you will see no change in the 



character of the two varieties. We have done 



% for several years. Potatoes raised from the 



d of eitherwould be likely to partake somewhat 



of tho character of each, though this is uncertain. 



We have raised white, red, aud black potatoes 





each other, but our 



sort has resulted 



thought them different k 



out very poorly for the two or 



trial, while tbe Prince Alberta 



DEEP PLOWING OF PEALEIE SOD. 



os. Rural : — By reading your valuable paper I 



over that the subject of " Deep Plowing m, 



Shallow," is attracting the attention of practical 



farmers generally, and that both systems are be- 



og supported by intelligent men of the class above 



mentioned. In tbe Rural of April 10th, under 



the head of "Deep Plowing of Prairie Sod," is an 



i.from the Mis™"""' f'tmncrat, stating that 



nt experiments in deep plowing, with the 



Michigan double plow, have begun to create 



doubts as to the correctness of the idea of shallow 



ing." Another from tbe Prairit Farmer 



i that "Mr. VaS Doren says be gets more 



from one acre of deep plowing than from four 



onlniiiTil) plowed." 



t tbe first sod corn crop will be greatly 

 creased by deep breaking, (say five or six inches 

 deep,) I do not deny ; but the question I pn 

 is : — Does it pay through a series of years ? I will 

 try and answer it both experimentally und theo- 

 retically. Three years ago I plowed a field in 

 Wisconsin that had been under cultivation twelve 

 years, and yet the grass roots were more trouble- 

 some than those of an adjoining field which had 

 been cultivated only one year. I inquired ini 

 cause and was told that it was plowed too 

 the first year. Last year I broke prairie, ht 

 Kansas, at an average depth of three incbei 

 September when I went on with my ham 

 prepare for winter wheat, I found the sod entirely 

 rotted, and in as fine condition as I could wish. 

 During tbe season I broke six acres for a neighbor, 

 fresh from New York, who had not been initiated 

 into Western customs, consequently it mi 

 plowed six inches deep. His corn crop surpassed 

 mine. I admit, but I observed him breaking 

 again this spring with a heavy breaking plow and 

 team, preparatory to another nxfcTop, while 1 

 raising an n old land crop" (as weterm it,) on , 

 field— baring plowed it with one yoke of cattle and 

 light plow— while on another I have a fine crop 

 of wheat, simply by harrowing my last year' 

 breaking. 



The reason that sod rots quicker in shallow 

 breaking is obvious. But very little soil is turned 

 over with the turf, consequently the grass roots 

 are more exposed to the burning beat of the sun, 

 and during tbe hot summer months are literally 

 burnt up; while in deep plowing the roo 

 shielded from the sun by six inches of soil, thus 

 rendering the decomposition of tbe sod almost 

 impossible. Sod rots much belter without a crop 

 than with, but here, in this new country, corn is 

 our main dependence for bread, and the newly 

 arrived emigrant must raise it on sod, or not at 

 all. Where sufficient old land can be obtained for 



Tnerou many of the attempts to introduce wire 

 fence, during the past few years, have proved 

 failures, the manufacturers of the Patent Lowell 

 iVire Fencing, above represented, think they have 

 ucceeded in making a cheap and durable article, 

 t is " made of annealed wire, formed by machinery 

 nto a strong network, the wires of which are so 

 firmly twisted together at tbe uuion of its angles, 

 that it requires a force equal to the strength of tbe 

 material to dislocate or separate tbe meshes," Tho 

 may be larger or smaller as desired, and the 

 f the open spaces maybe varied, according 

 use for which the fence is intended. The 

 Df wire used in making the different styles of 

 fencing vary from No. 8 to No. 14, and are said to 

 be sufficiently strong and durable for tbe purposes 

 r which they are designed. 



After weaving, the fencing is coated with Japan, 

 made of asphallum, to prevent rusting. When 

 completed tor transporting, it is rolled up in balca 

 containing from SO to M5 rods each, and weighing 

 from 200 to 300 lbs. per bole, thus making it the 

 >st portable fencing material in use. It is 

 limed that this mode of weaving the wire makes 

 much butter tban any other process. Unlike 

 e fence made by running parallel wires from 

 post to post, the woven fence is not expanded and 

 contracted by heat and cold, as it acts on the 

 principle of a combined spring. Indeed the man- 

 ufacturers claim that it is " a practicable material 

 for fencing, where the requisites are strength, 

 closeness, elegance, portability, cheapness and 

 durability." For railroads, highways and lanes 

 claimed to be superior, as snow does not 



drift by it. In some place* it may be very desira- 

 ble for lawn and division fences, where the owner 

 does not wish to have tbe fence very conspicuous. 

 For ornamental purposes it is said to cost about 

 as much per rod as other kinds of iron fenco cost 

 per foot. 



This style of fence is also made of galvanized 

 wire, and presents a neat appearance. Thecost of 

 it when galvanized is of course somewhat greater 

 than when coated with the black Japan. Various 

 fancy structures and articles, Ruch as summer 

 houses or arbors, trellises ond window guards, are 

 made of the same material ond serve a good pur- 

 pose — are both ornamental aud useful, as well us 

 cheap. 



These statement! are condensed from a pamphlet 

 furnished by Messrs. Z, Bosnia A Co., Boston, 

 Mass., who arc the General Agents of the manufac- 

 turer, and of course ore not made upou our own 

 knowledge ef the fence. From the descriptions 

 and testimonials given, ltowa**(, w« think the 

 Wire Fencing worthy tbe attention of those inter- 

 ested, and any one can procure a pamphlet and 

 other testimony, and judge of the merits of (he arti- 

 cle before purchasing. The above cut is No. 3 in 

 the pamphlet. The sample represented is made of 

 10 and 14 wire, 2?; feet high, meshes -1 inches wide. 

 Weighs lbs. per rod. Price, $1,50 per rod. . 



The fencing is made of different heights — from 10 

 inches to 4 feet, wc believe— and costs from 75 cents 

 to $2 per rod, acceding lo size of mesh and weight. 

 Wc believe Messrs. Mi.one, Hem no A Co., of No. 74 

 Main street, Rochester, are Agents for the sule of 

 the Wire Fencing in this vicinity. 



*n, I think it more profitable to let the sod land 

 ; without a crop until fall— then sow to wheat, 

 the heavy growth of corn stalks prevents the 

 at of the sun from reaching the roots almost as 

 effectually as deep plowing. If the increased crop 

 le year on deep breaking compensates for the 

 labor and decreased crops of succeeding 

 years, why, then, break deep; if not fond I con- 

 tend it does not, brcuk shallow, and thereby save 

 time and money. After the sod bos become decom- 

 posed, let the plow go down deeper, not ten inches 

 the first " pop," as this is " running the thing 

 into the ground;" hut increase gradually in 

 depth each year until you get to the depth desired. 



THE APIABLANS. 



i the Ritul of 

 ,ns in Conven- 

 1 "they deposit 



E. Kiebt's lUview or Ma. QnsnY's Criticisms on 



Mr. QriNBr says that I am "ignorant of tbeir 

 natural habits," (that is, of the natural habits of 

 the bee,) "and deficient in practical experience." 

 lie attempts to prove this position by an 

 from an article which appeared 

 April 23d, entitled " The Apia 

 tion." In that article I said tl 

 their honey at the top of the hiv 

 "after cold weather sets in tlnv culled in the upper 

 port of the hive, where they have pnviouthj pro- 

 vided and placed their fond." In this I claim that 

 I am right, that tbe expression I then made use of 

 was correct, and that Mr. Q, is wrong. We both 

 admit that copped honey is in the top of the hive, 

 but Mr. Q., by his manner of quoting, makes me 

 say that they cluster upon the capped honey — 

 which I did not say nor imply, as I am perfectly 

 aware that with the bee, food does not met 

 boney alone. I om sorry to think that the authi 

 of "The Book for Bee Keepers," and who oppe^ 

 to be so well ocquainted with tbe English la: 

 guage, should either intentionally, or ignorant!; 

 misinterpret an English sentence so perfect] 

 clear and plain as the one which he has selccte- 

 He quotes a second time this expression of mia 

 " collect in the tipper port of the m>e, where " 

 have previously provided and placed their f-.« , 

 by substituting tbe word hooey in the place or 

 ■ nge either carelessly or 

 rill read for bis conTe- 

 ill belter beer out the 

 Irance. Now, I submit, 

 i marks upon sentences 

 :nces changed by insert- 



food, and makes this 



thing that I did not say,— iB not 

 ing, to say the least of it. 



"All the twaddle," says Mr. Q. 

 tig the laws of Goo, amounts 



very fair i 



lliii 



addle" I 



" abon 



pervert 





ng." Tt 



little 1 



ore. In 



Ecclesiastics, iii, 14, we find this passage;- "I 

 know that whatsoever God doeth, it shall be for- 

 ever ; nothing can be put to it, nor anything taken 

 from it." We cannot change the laws of Gon ; 

 they nrc unchangeable. In our dealings with tho 

 creatures that Ho has made, we must act in 

 accordance with those instincts that Gon has 

 given them; we must take those creatures and 

 those instincts as wc find them. " But," asks Mr. 

 Q," if man has nothing to do, if Gon has done 

 all, why was it necessary for man to dress aud 

 keep the garden of EdeuV" Ac. I will answer it 

 by saying that man, by violating the commands 

 of (Jon, brought sin into the world, and some of 

 those things which he has to do, are pari- Bl US 

 penalties inflicted for that tranngression. Hut I 

 have not contended that man has nothing to do, 

 or that Gon intended him for perfect idleness. 

 He asks, "Why does man cut down the forests, 

 why invert the soil *" Ac, bringing up a number 

 of examples in the vegetable kingdom, ond reasons 

 that from my argument it woold appear that I 

 would take all things in tbeir natural state, with- 

 out bestowing upon them tbe arts of cu [nation. 

 These questions I regard as somewhat foreign to 

 the subject, a, I was treating, not of the Vegelo- 

 ble, but of a department in the Animal kingdom ; 

 and although the '«" kingdoms ore somewhat 

 analogous, yet in tbe main they differ pretty 

 widely. But in regard to. bees, any person who 

 bos read without prejudice the article which has 

 iriven the gentleman so much trouble, in which I 

 jrove so minute a description of what I considered 

 the best plan for protecting the hive, will see at 

 once that I was by no means a stickler Tor having 

 rrrryihiny in its natural state, as the gentleman 

 deems disposed to infer. I am really sorry that 

 Mr. <i. baa so far misrepresented my meaning, as 

 he certainly has done, and I feel unwilling to think 

 that he has done so willfully ; but if he has done 

 so, I can only remind bim of the words of Holy 

 Writ :—" Devise not evil against thy neighbor, 

 seeing he dwelleth securely by thee." From the 

 most reliable sources or hiatoricul information, no 

 particular place or climote can be pointed out as 

 the peculiar home of the bee, and therefore we 

 regard Mr. Q. as having no authority for soying 

 that the bee was " located by Nature in the sunny 

 South." He is also greatly mistaken io supposing 

 that bees are created for ond placed i 



