TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 



'PEOGRK^S AND IMPROVEMENT." 



[SINGLE NO. FOUR CENTS. 



VOL. X. NO. 31. ( 



ROCHESTER, N. Y.-FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, AUGUST 20, 1859. 



I WHOLE NO. 502. 



MOORE'S IllfRAL .W-YOKKKIi, 



fkipcrloriljr — Improvem 



Tnip.SK, Yorkshire, July SB, 1859. 

 This port of England is famous for horses— of 

 OOUbbDg and hunting breeds, with a sprinkling of 



The land is generally good, and the crops often 

 heavy, though tl.e cultivation is not always of the 

 beet kind. I lately spent a day in riding through 

 the country along the river Tees, in York and 

 Durham— that stream forming the boundary be- 

 to find in that district, so celebrated for the fertility 

 of its soil, the poorest farming I have seen in 

 Britain. The soil is mostly very strong, inclining 

 today; good for grass, but in many cases not suf- 

 ficiently drained ; wheal and other grain crops often 

 light, the hedges neglected and covering two or three 



times as much g Ins ■- necessary, and in many 



cases an appearance of slovenliness which would 

 be considered disgraceful, even in America, where 

 we are aceuKtomed to find excuses for slip-shod 

 farming. The implements are old-fashioned and 

 rude— such as one would suppose had gone wholly 

 out of use, from the numbers of improved kiuds 

 BCeu at the Agricultural Shows, or on the farms hi 

 some other parts of the Kingdom. The farm 

 wagons ore clumsily made, much in the style of 

 the old Dutch wagons of the Mohawk Valley — the 

 bodies ouly about wide enough for a hog-trough, 

 ami oak timber enough in one to go far towards 

 building a sbip-of-war. These are used fur earn- 

 ing manure, and for general farm purposes. What 

 a contrast to the vehicles used on the farms of 

 Scotland and some oilier parts of England! 



The Volley of the Tees, it will be remembered, 

 became celebrated at an early day for Short-horn 

 cattle, tlun called the Tecswater breed. Subse- 

 quently, the stock having been adopted and im- 

 proved by several noted breeders in Durham, it 

 took the u n rne of » ur haui Short-born, and latterly, 

 u i it unproved TarVelj has become more widely 

 isseiiiuia M, it la morp properlv designated the 

 proved Shorthorn, or BimpIy a3 f h , Short- 

 horn breed -i„t, notwithstanding this territory 

 appears to have been fe origin, habUat , the 

 English Miort-horns, the breed has by no means 

 exclusive possession here at the prc-uil day I 

 have been surprised at the number of Irish beasts 

 in the pastures, and on mentioning this w> my 

 traveling companion, who is a native of the count, 

 and familiar with every part, he assured me that 

 more Irish cattle were grazed here than of t Qu 

 native breed. The Irish are a sort or Long-born, 

 in many instances crossed with the Shorthorn — 

 from the number of cowa or this kind that are 

 ■" ". I mux that they are fine milkers. Tbeconi- 

 " BhnrWioTM An large, rather coarse animals, 





mmbliDg the improved i uietj in 



Ihing in general to recommend them 

 v« w quality. Some of them undoubtedly 

 gm\ with abundant feeding, large quantities of 



mer^sU m ' lk " Tle im P roved kiDd iB leM DU " 

 r t° '^ WOU,d oe su Pposed from the length 

 " " h " beCD l"own here, and ia mostly in 



the hands of men called pi- 

 There have been many of the 

 fifty yean 



-neighbor- 



hood within the li 

 The late Tiiom 

 well known in America, resided at Kirkleavmgton, 

 near Yarm. I was there a few days ago, and 

 viewed with no little interest the locality so famous 

 for the Dukta and Duclums which tbe late pro- 

 prietor regarded as tbe only true aristocracy of 

 Short-horns. But tbo glory of Kirkleavingtou 

 DBS deported, Mr, Hates, after a long career, has 

 been gathered to his fathers; his relatives, who 

 resided on his estate, have removed to distant 

 places, and tbe rich pastures formerly grazed #j 

 the gay-colored and titUd Short-horn, are occu- 

 pied by slock of no preleusions. I am informed 

 that very few animals descended entirely from Mr. 

 Bates' herd are now to be found in this section, 

 or even in England— the reputation which they 

 had acquired abroad being so much greater than 

 that conceded lo them a', home that they have been 

 permitted to leave tbe country. This will be 

 partly understood in America, when it is remen 

 bered that not many years have elapsed siuce 111 

 public were told thai there was only one herd (M 

 Bates') in England that could improve American 

 stock— a statement promulgated with a pertinacity 

 which has illustrated the adage, that "a lie well 



Yesterday I had the pleasure of a visit to Wurlu 

 by, the residence of Richard Booth, Esq., tht 

 far-famed breeder of Short-horn cattle. I saw 

 specimens of his herd at the Show of the Royal 

 Agricultural Society at Chester, and of the York- 

 shire Society at NorthoIIerton, last year, and of 

 the former Society at Warwick, this year. In 

 examining these, I was struck with the superior 

 excellence of some points over any other Short- 

 horns I bad ever seen. The principal of these 

 points are the fineness of the shoulder-joint, the 

 shape agd fine match of the shoulder-blade to the 

 chine, and the fullness of the lirat ribs— in a word, 

 the perfection of what in sheep is called the fort 

 fiank. As a breed, the Short-horn is prone to be 

 defective at these points ; their shoulders are apt 

 to be protuberant, large and upright, with hollow 

 crops and flat fore-ribs, giving 



chest. The i 





en-e of Mr. Booth's cuttle in very striking, several 

 of them being as perfect in the points alluded to 

 us the best Uerefords or Devons. He has attained 

 tins extraordinary perlec.tnm without tbe sacrifice 

 of any point; on the contrary, he has secured 

 other rare properties— as great circumference of 

 rib, bi e idtb of back, general evenness of carcass, 

 thickness and quality of flesh — which, with tbe 

 points before spoken of, render his animals de- 

 cidedly more perfect than any others of the 

 breed that I have ever seen. Many of them have 

 immense size, but with all the firmness of bono 

 and symmetry of proportion that the most fastidi- 

 ous critic could desire. As an example of this, I 

 iin:rht refer to the cow Nectarine-blossom, which 

 took the first prize in her class at the Show of the 

 R. A. S. last year. She is five years old, and hos 

 had three calves— the first a splendid white bull, 

 now three years old, and this season in Mr. Booth's 



s an instance of the uniformity of Mr. Boom's 

 k, or of the certainty with which the desired 

 el is produced, I may mention that the model 

 e-takers, Queen Mab, Queen -of-the-Moy, and 

 en-of-lhe-Isles, with a prize bull whose name 



not remember, were all the produce of one 

 , in regular succession. Queen-of-tbe-May is 

 of the cows which so much attracted my at- 

 ion last year, and Queen-of-the-Isles is tbe 

 lt which last year, as a yearling, swept all 

 re her at Chester and Northallerton, being 



ersally commented on as a prodigy, and 

 :b, though she has come up with all the im- 

 onld be expected to give, 



j passed o 



t Warwick, 



ndati 





She is the 

 r symmetry and 

 w of her age, and 

 ut at Warwick, is 

 ud. I have seen 



most extraordinary anini 

 weight combined, that I ei 

 upon what ground sho wa? 

 more than any one can un 

 outrageous decisions in .' 



here, but will not injure Mr. Booth in the end. 



Mr. Booth seldom sells cattle, but lets his bulls by 

 the year. He bus now upwards of twenty stationed 

 in different parts of the Kingdom, none of which 

 ute let for less than a hundred guineas a year, and 

 the larger number of them at two hundred guineas. 

 The income from all his bulls is from £3,000 to 

 *-',""u ili.i.ooo to $20,000) a year. One of his 

 most noted bulls, Hopewell, ten or twelve years 

 seven years' absence in 

 .if two hundred guineas. 

 stock from his father, 

 .«• .». »e*eraj y ear » used some of tbe beat bulls 

 °"J*tt» .ndRo DB aT Couwo. Mr.B. has him- 

 self a dmt.net recollection or many of theee-as 



IfLlliU, 





Comet, Albion, Ben, Pilot, Twin -brother- to- 1 



Ac. I!e has portraits (oil painting", colored 

 gravings, pencil sketches, Ac.,) of some or the 

 most celebrated animals of forty or fifty years 

 since. They were evidently fine, though not equal 

 in some of the points to which I have alluded, to 

 the best of Mr. Booth's herd. Indeed, to have 

 effected the improvement in tbe fore-quarter, must 

 have required much skill and u great length of 

 time. Mr. Boom thinks tbo best short-horns of 

 the present day are superior to those of tidy years 

 since in quality of flesh. The breed hud a tendency 

 (as it generally has now,) to make fat and lean 

 separately, tbe former sometimes overlying the 

 latter in a mass. This defect has been consider- 

 ably corrected in the best modern animals, which 

 have not only greater thickness of meat, but e 

 finer grain, and better mixture of fat and lean.— 

 There* is still plenty of room for improvement \i 

 these respects « ith vwt breeders, and it woulc 

 he well if they would follow the proper example! 

 which have been set before them. 



SEED-TTME AND HARVEST, 



Now that some of our principal crops an 

 gathered, and the husbandmen are agreeably dis 

 appointed at the fairness of the quality aud abnn 

 dance of tbe yield, — and those still growing givt 

 promise of a return seldom equaled,— now that the 

 midge has ceased its ravages, the potato rot is feared 

 no more, the voice of tbe grumblers is bushed, and 

 all hearts are made glad at tbe prospect of peace 

 and plenty, it is well that we remind our readers 

 of a promise made four thousand years ago, — i 

 promise 1 1 nit has nevej failed, — that "while th 

 earth reniunietb peed-time and harvest, Cold un 

 heat, and summer aud winter, and day and nigh 



The farmer has cause to rejoice iu this gloriou 

 promise that he should never lack an opportunit 

 to labor, and that the reward of his lub<ir shoul 

 never fail. No such encouraging promise is oi 

 record for any other class iu community. The 

 merchant depends for success upon his foresight, 

 care and diligence. Yet reverses, sore and ruin- 

 ous, often overtake him, which the wisest cannot 

 foresee, nor the most diligent avert. His ships arc 

 lost—debtors fail— goods depreciate, mi hi.-, hands— 



harvest prove bis ruin. Not more tbnn one in ten, 

 it is said, even of those of fair ability, and who 

 exercise ordinary good judgment, succeed in com- 

 mercial life. Failure is no evidence of want ol 

 ability, for success ia tbe reward of only the few 

 and many who are successful for a score of years, 

 find themselves unexpectedly financially ruini,/— 

 a calamity crushing 



addespair.drivi 



a of his prosperity, and forgotten by tbo 





i life i 



uhadt 



declining years are swept lutblessly nwny, and 

 happy is he if he escapes dark suspicions and cruel 

 whisperings of dishonesty, and still happier if, in 

 tbe wreck of worldly hopes, be maintains an ap- 

 proving conscience. 



The farmer, under fair auspices, if be exercises 

 ordinary care and possesses common ability, can- 

 not fail. Such a result would be evidence of fault, 

 and not misfortune. Tbe cause would be as appa- 

 rent to tbo observer as the noonday sun, and lower 



sometimes makes him tbe butt of ridicule, the 

 standing joke for tbe whole neighborhood. The 

 farmer, it is true, meets with losses— tbe wheat 

 midge or rust injures the wheat, the rot destroys 

 his potatoes ; some seasons are very dry, and oth- 

 ers are excessively wet, and crops suffer— but these 

 losses are only partial, and confined generally to 

 one crop. The loss is one of anticipated profit and 

 not of money expended— for under the most unfa- 

 vorable circumstances, enough is usually raised to 

 pay Tor the outlay of money and labor. Then the 

 causes that affect his crops injures those of his 

 neighbors also, aud generally extend over a large 

 district of country, and tbe natural consequence is 

 an increase in price, which helps make up for the 

 diminution in quantity. The loss may be incon- 

 venient; indeed, it may be exceedingly annoying. 

 It may prevent the prosecution of some cherished 

 plan for underdraining— cause a delay of a year or 

 two inbuilding a new house, or a lurger barn— pre- 

 vent the adding of "house to house and land to 

 land"— deprive the family of some desired luxuries ; 

 but it brings no crushing calamity that destroys 

 hope, darkens a whole life, and causes the man, in 

 his despair, like Job, to curse the day on which be 



The farmer may well congratulate himself not 

 only on the houor and the comfort, but tbe safrty 

 of his position. He lives in fear of no audden 

 reverses that shall drive his household gods from 

 their home, and make them dependent upon the 



"alii: 



useful least 



I that glitter 



:outcnt with his lot, for though bis gains at 

 rapid, tbey are generally sure, and though t 

 its with losses they are neither great nor eraba 

 sing; and above all, let us daily thank the Givi 

 II Good for the glorious promise that seed-tin 

 Ijlii vest .-hull not fail. 



THINGS TO BE AVOIDED. 



Is all the varied vocations to which the hu 

 family devote both mental and physical 

 there are recognized governing principles, which, 

 when brought fully lo bear, work out, for each and 

 the aggregate, that problem known as htecetS. 

 The violation of those rules as unalterably produces 



inly 





against tbe transgressor of immutable 

 young man just trimming the sails of his own bark 

 upon "life's troubled waters," as, chart in bond, 

 be endeavors to escape the hidden dangers that 

 surround, presents a picture unsurpassed in tbe 

 elements of moral sublimity and grandeur, Watch- 



r avoidance, and, coi 

 purpose, his " Labi 



r i.uc" 



e. be aims at 



integrity of 



formance which will render t lie world aud mankind 

 better. The principles we have mentioned exer- 

 cise the same influence- upon the calling of the 

 farmer — their adaption is sure of the same bene- 

 fits, and their rejection as imperative in its penal 

 ties— as in any occupation of the race. The Rural 

 Press is the chart of the Agriculturist, and, though 

 its imperfections are many and apparent, it carries 

 a warniog voice, pointing out the rocks where 

 hopes and aspirations have met shipwreck. This 

 is our purpose at the present, and if the range is 

 of necessity circumscribed, it may suggest thought 

 wbicb, carried out in the minds of those tilling the 

 soil, will be productive of good works. 



A quaint writer recently remarked that "the 

 prevailing disease among American farmers was u 

 desire to «« out." The forest bows beneath the 

 sturdy strokes of the pioneer — tbe "log cabin" is 

 erected, and the smoke curling heaven-ward gives 

 signs of progress— for long years the struggle with 

 privation is bravely contested— improvement is 

 indelibly fixed upon the broad fields— peace and 

 plenty at last sits at the farmer's board, and we are 

 almost led to exclaim, 



" It there he an Elysium on earth It is this, " 

 when the home is too often exchanged for the 

 dollar, and life is begun anew. This is, too fre- 

 quently, tbe true view of American farm life — this 

 is what renders our systems of culture so vague 

 and uncertain. Contrast with tbe following item 

 which we clip from the "Foreign Extracts" in n 

 July issue of the Rrit\L:— " Among the obituary 

 notices in the Leeds TnUtttffmcer, is the following : 

 'On the 20th inst., aged !.'■, Mr. 1'etlu Matteiison, 

 of Low Dunford, near Uoroughbridge. He and his 

 ancestry have bc«i the owners and occupiers of the 

 farm on which lie died more than eight hundred 

 years. The farm was not entailed, ond the owne 

 has always been a M utkiisus without adoption.' 

 Who will estimate the effects of such fixity of hab : 

 tationand purpose upon the «< Hare of any people 

 The well known tenacity of "Jotorar Bill" i 

 thus indoctrinated, and under such teachings it i 

 ud marvel that England's morning reveille sounds 

 round the world,— no wonder that the prodt 

 her soil should be tbe admiration of wide- 

 piri^ressive agric 



HTCKOK'S KEYSTONE CIDER MILL. 



Triovnit cider is fur less popular, as a beverage, 

 than it was " long time ago"— or even iu the days 

 of our youth, which was not so . . •■>/ long ago — H 

 is still manufactured to a considerable extent, and 

 ranks among the useful products and necessities 

 of the country, ilamj like it sweet, (with or with- 

 out a straw,) while some prefer it in the 1840 style 

 —rather "hard" or sour — and not a few people 

 now traveling the down bill of life, retain their 

 early habits by partaking of cider as a common 

 beverage. It is also useful for so many other pur- 

 pn-.es , , mking, vinegar, etc.,— that It will not bo 

 likely to go entirely out of fashion or use so long 

 as attainable. The scieuce of making, preserving 

 mperfectly understood by 



Our present purpose is merely to call the atten- 

 tion of Rlral readers to an improved machine or 



mill for making cider— tbe one above represented, 

 known as " Hiokok'a Patent Portable Keystone 

 Cider and Wine Mill," and which we are assured 

 possesses merits and advantages proportioned to 

 its elongated name. This mill is quite complete 

 and perfect, occupies hut little space, and is so 

 light us to render it very portable, lt has been 

 improved the present year in several respects, SO 

 that the pateutee is confident " there is im null iu 

 market that will grind bo fast or with so little 

 power, nor is there any one that is made in u better 

 or inure perfect manner." It is worked by horse, 

 Steam or hand-power, aud when tbe apples are 

 ground, a boy of fourteen years can easily press 

 the pomace. The machine, when propel ly worked, 

 is capable of making from G to U barrels of cider 

 a day, with ease. One great advantage of this 

 mill is, that a lew gallons of cider may he made at 

 anytime, for immediate use— or from one gallon to 

 several barrels. It can also be used for pressing 







tall... 



We 





, Mill i 



v delect n 



a of tillage, and t 



l which i 



i the i 



mt. Prom the very condition of 

 knowledge obtainable must come 

 slowly— Nature gives but a single lesson in a year, 

 and in the advancement made there can be no 

 mushroom growth. Not a single reason exists 

 why our chosen calling should not possess as sta- 

 ble and truthful a written history as any other 

 science,— why all the fallacies with which it is now 

 cumbered should not give place to facts, if those 

 who compose the rank and file of the great pro- 

 ducing army do but will that such change shall be 

 effected. Each individual should have a portion in 

 this occupation, throwing iu his ray of intelligent t. 

 the aggregation of which shall cast light upon c 

 dark places in our pilgrimage. Let us have t e 

 results of well-conducted experiments 

 those terminating in pleasi 



pecuniary 



Thus, only, i 



a which environ us, ana walk abroad 

 i path everywhere marked with the manifesta- 

 s or prosperity. 



A PEEP LNIO MODERN PHILOSOPHY. -No. II. 



Astronomers said, Give us matter, and a 

 jtion, and we will construct u Universe.— 

 Modern Philosophers say, Give us Soil, G uano. or 

 some "special fertilizer," and we will change the 

 whole code or laws of the vegetable kingdom.— 

 While Astronomers were playing with the qucs- 



t , Nature gave tbe ball a toss aud bestowed the 



first impulse, ond all the harmony of centrifugal 

 and centrepital forces have grown out ol it. The 

 ball once in motion, there is no end lo tbe conse- 

 quences. This aboriginal push generated motion 

 and electricity, and converted Nature into one 

 vast pramis, not to be realized or unfolded by the 

 hand of reality. Great causes are never tried on 

 their own merits,— but reduced lo suitable silo to 

 be measured bv the operator's mind, and tbo con- 

 test is always' hottest on minor points, V,i, n e 



rentable or mineral laws to human conception or 

 human comprehension. When the pbiloaopboi 

 told the tiller of the soil how mauy bushels of 

 wheat b« could raise on an acre, by analyzing his 

 S0 il, some uuastonished wag refused to play the 

 game, ond blabbed the secret, and the whole thing 

 fell back into Nature's urms. 



paltry game of exaggeration has bceu 

 played for ages. Nature always furnishes an 

 i of material to every person, to force him 

 the right, direction and if he fail to moke 

 strow out of "flint Band," be will go the 

 game over again with a new whirl fbl }■■••- M 



Still, the philosophers are "It 

 they have ouly fired over. We must aim abovo 

 mark to hit it. It is not eooug* thai the 

 heart should beat just hard enough to thaw the 

 blood to the ends of the fingers and toi 



BKggi ratloa ol 



impulse, or it would never return. Quite a 



