VOL X. NO. 



ROCHESTER, H. Y. -FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, AUGUST 27, 1859 



{WHOLE NO. 503. 



MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 



SURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 



CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 



With an Able Corps of Assistants and Contributors. 



THE FARMERS' COPARTNERSHIPS, 



The day n 



Nature and 



it with living ; 



golden twilight o 



SMALL EXPERIMENTS. 



Thb retorts of small agricultural experiment* 

 biveof late b'tn subject Lori-Jk ule, und whili 

 was no doubt intended, uud the effect tnay 

 cause mnrf dare in the details atd nicer cu 

 lations aa to the results, we fear the evil ha; 

 greater than the- good, in causing many to withhold 

 valuable facts from Ibo press. A farmer grows the 

 Chinese Sugar Cane on a few rods of ground, aoc 

 makes a little syrup by tbe aid of the kitchen 

 stove i another devotes a small patch to carrots, 01 

 rota bagas, or corn fodder, gives especial attention 

 to tho culture, and raises an extraordinary crop 

 From this he calculates the cost of cultivating ar. 

 acre, the product, and the profit of the operation 







raayc 



I Ihr 



employed in culture, Ac, 

 carefully measured, we Una 

 prove a valuable experitm 

 carrots are raised on one- 

 cost of six cents a bushel, ' 

 bushels could not be grown 

 t tho same cos 



experiments as being " 

 A farmer not long s 

 field of com which hew: 

 year he had made the e 

 and raided so large a cr 

 depending upon it fur v. 

 grown at the rate of 1,( 

 acre, but both had nog] 

 they might be subject 

 giving the results of"/" 



I know not why 1,200 



or n trifle less. We 

 ridicule upon 



mlU, 



Int 



:ouotry we must have the results of 

 experiments or none— for we have no experimental 

 farm, nor have we, as in Europe, men of Icisuro and 

 means which they arc willing to devote to the 

 development of great agricultural truths. Few 

 !r„T, a ttre *l>le or willing to make experiments, 

 e of which would involve pecuniary |i 



a successful, ; 



Experi 



profitable to tho se who" n^blm.' 



We know of experiments with differ, 

 of guano, the present year made w' 

 y be the result, 1 

 trial. The sau 

 which we hope 

 of the present s 



In the experiments made ma reported 

 has been, no doubt, too much haste, and too 

 care— too much jumping at conclusions,— b 

 experiment, even though not reliable in i 

 spects, is better than nothing, as it excites 

 <at, makes the question one of thought and d 

 long practical men ; and finally tho* 



uully 



o give a good a 





belie 



e the 



the facts, ttn d thus knowledge is increased. While 

 JJ™J <W. however, we urge upon all the 

 necessity f exactness in operations designed to 

 teach facts, lor »„„„ ,,„ „ , ,. 



. u I"- in ns exactness iuor t > ttua upon 



then may we learn use 



amer zephyr to 

 grand uiachin- 



ome when the farmers of Ame 

 reciate, more fully than now, 

 e's Goo have honored their o 

 ther human industries — hon< 

 I glorious copartnerships, fu 

 ind beauty ; copartnerships ^ 

 i, which sang together in the first 

 ' creation — with great and 

 which permeate tbe deepest 

 doptbs of space— with the sun and moon, and 

 planets, and the "sweet influences of the Pleiades" 

 — with (he grand forces which turn the wheels of 

 celestial systems innumerable, around the red and 

 fiery waves of central suns, whose huge disks, iu 

 the distance, look like specks of light to tbe eye ; 

 copartnerships with heaven's soft and silent dews, 

 which distil their Bilver moisture upon leaf and 

 blade — with rain, frost and snow — with winds of 

 every breath, from the gentlest 

 the hurricane which shakes il 

 with its tempest arms — with all 

 ery which moves tho planets, si 

 and regulates their motions— with all tbe sublime 

 economies of the seasons — with tbe mighty ocean, 

 pulsating with the life which throbbed up its mil- 

 lion rivor-veitis when yet " the earth was without 

 form and void." 



These are some of the Tinner's copartnerships. 

 These are some ef the agencies which Providence 

 has ordained to co-work with him, by day and night, 

 in spring, summer, autumn and winter. If but 

 the dial plate of time could be removed, so that tbe 



gearing of these agencies, their co-working would 



Jbf the dignity which the Creator has put upon his 

 occupation. His social position amongtbe entities 

 of tcrrestial and celestial industry, is higher than 

 the arrogant pretensions of a Chinese Emperor.— 

 In bis industrial relationships, he is mora than 

 "brother to tbe moon." That cold and subordi- 

 nate luminary is but a sattelite to the earth, 

 which was made for man to own, till and beautify. 

 Tbe farmer is no sattelite, nor parasite, nor subject. 

 His toil honors tbe earth, and it honors him with 

 a proud reward. The drops that fall upon its face 



Providence upon tbe same footing with the dews 

 which fall down out of tbe evening sky. They are 

 raised to the peerage of celestial influences in the 

 culture of the ground for man and beast. The 

 plowing, sowing and reaping, each and every pro- 

 cess of manual and mental labor which he give; 

 to that culture, takes equal rank with bublimesl 

 agencies iu Nature's realm— equal rauk with the 

 sun's grand mission of light and heat, in so far as 

 seeding and reaping are concerned. His labor is 

 not an incidental auxiliary to the result— not a co- 

 operation with Nature and her forces which hasten- 

 ed or increased the harvest. 



plow, and wield the sickle or the flail— or wl 

 directing the. action of the improved impleme 

 and machines which have nearly rendered i 

 sickle and the flail classical emblems, Think o 

 often, fur tbe thought will help you wln-u itir.- u 

 or the burden of the day is hardest to bear. 



s f\,!l,r 



EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE. 



EsFJSBisycB— Quantity of Milk.— In the 



ived issue of the London Gardeners' Chro-ni- 

 \c Ada ii, of Staffordshire, relates his expe- 

 i a dairyman. We extract from his article 



1'i.nv.-:- 



istty— as a primary 



f the i 



irial un 



What fellowships 1— what copartnerships! You 

 bronzed-faced men at the plow, think of it. You 

 red-browed wietder of the scythe and sickle, think 

 of it, and let tbe thought make you took as erect 

 at the blue heavens above as any man who ever 

 raised his eyes to their serene and lofty depths. 

 That great and glorious sun was not made for its 

 own independent and isolated glory. It was not 



>,t,,:,,: ,, 



-forn 



vas mode for this earth, and bodies like it 

 he earth and its sister planets were made f 

 ud beings like men. That sun has its wot 

 of that grealststerbood,it produi 



parison ! In co, 

 deed; but in co J 

 That is the way 



copartnership. Gon and N~ 



nall.i 





ghh... 



Bboadhand— 

 thus enjoined 

 . and what are 

 thus joined, let not man put asunder. The revoln- 

 of the plowshare around the orbit of the 

 farmer's field, turning slowly its foot-wide furrows 

 ranks full and even, in effect, in necessity, in 

 gniiy, with the revolution of the earth, in any way 

 'at it rolls or moves. Her wheels, great and 

 small, might roll on forever; tbe sun might do its 

 best, and the moon, and the seasons in their turn ; 

 ight alternate withsummersun- 

 t dewa might fall, and the best 







" The quantity ef milk yielded by a dairy . 

 depends altogether on their feeding, as not 

 more common than farmers overstocking their 

 pastures in hummer, and keeping more stock it 

 winter than they have sufficient feeding for. Mj 

 experience leads mo to believe that it is prnfitnbli 

 to allow cows as much pasture as they can eat il 

 summer, and as many roots in winter as will main 

 tain them in good condition ; the quantity requisiti 



been eaten bare during summer, and what descrip. 



is good in winter, CO pounds of turnips daily will 

 keep cows in good condition, but when the foggage 

 is hare it wiU require Si pounds per day ; this is 

 assuming wheat straw as the fodder— where hay is 

 given, less will suffice. My position being a dai- 

 ryman, who rents cows by the year from a farmer, 

 with a certain stipulaUd quantity of feeding for 

 each cow, I will not speak of what might be made 

 by extraordinary feeding, but will only note what 

 is my own routine, and State the results. In the 

 dairy of 100 cows rented by me, in winter we give 

 each cow 4? lbs. of turnips a' 5 o'clock in the mom- 

 concluded, fodder with straw, then cleanse out the 

 cowhouses, and currycomb all the cows, fodder 

 again between 10 and 11, and at IL! turn them out 

 nk, put another feed of 42 lbs. of turnips in 

 their troughs", and allow them to return to the house 

 in as they desire ; fodder again with straw as 

 as they have their feed of turnips consumed, 

 cleanse out the cowhouse again, and after milking 

 at six o'clock, the last fodder is given between 

 and eight o'clock. The litter is carefully 

 shaken up on their beds every lime they get fod- 

 er. As the cows approach calving, a little bean 

 ,eal in a mash of steamed or boiled turnips, mixed 

 ith chuIFor chopped straw, is given daily to each 

 >w, and by the time the cow is a week calved, she 

 gets half of her allowance of turnips boiled or 

 steamed, and mixed with chaff, or chopped, and 

 three and a half pounds of finely ground bean meal 

 in each mash (given her twice every day.) After 

 having tried various methods and different sorts of 

 grain, as oats, wheat, barley, Indian corn, oilcake, 

 rape, &o., I decidedly prefer benn meal, both for 

 quantity and quality of milk and butter. These 

 two mashes are given at about blood beat, being 

 well mixed and saturated with water. A stock of 

 cows calved by April 1st, and receiving this ft 

 ing— assuming that all the herd have come to i 

 proper time of calving— will average about 11 

 perial quarts each daily, or 28 pounds per cow 



J, 'Ik :, 



together after 







iperature t 



will coagulate tho milk in an hour, breaking the 

 curds thoroughly at first, and after tbe whey is run 

 off keeping up the temperature of the dairy, so as 

 not to suffer the curd to cool rapidly, lifting the 

 curds out of the tub and putting tbem iuto a cloth 

 in a dresser and continuing to cut or break tbem 

 up frequently, increasing the weight, on them until 

 they are very firm— six or eight breakiugs or cut- 

 tings will suffice generally. Then mill the curd 

 and salt tbem, and put it into the cheese press; 

 having changed it in half an hour, repeat that at 

 five and nine o'clock, again next morning at five 

 and ten, and the cbeeso will ho entirely dry and 

 pressed by one o'clock next day. Thus a cheese 

 only remains 24 hours under tho press, and if prop- 

 erly attended to tbe cheese will be easily pressed 

 and of excellent quality. The principal feature of 

 difference in the manner of making 'Cheddar' 

 cheese, is the raising of the temperature by heated 

 whey — first, after the curd is rm>I:en, to 90" of heat, 

 and afterwards when tbe curd has stood an hour, 

 when it i3 raised up to 100°. This I consider the 

 most rational way of getting up the temperature to 

 free the curd entirely from whey, as it does it most 

 effectually when properly performed." 



Coal Ashes 

 Among Americ 

 met with little I 

 been made, moi 

 have been tltovt 

 furnished by a 



a Manure von Grass Lanhs. — 

 experimentalists coal ashes have 



we think, from the fact that they 

 ' valueless, than from any proofs 

 rell-digested application. Occa- 



upon agricultural matters furnish 

 tbe presswithstatements exhibiting their efficacy, 

 but tbe mass either pass tbem by with silence, 

 scout at the idea of their possessing any nu trim 

 calculated to aid in the growth ef vegetation. I 

 stated in Faulkner'* Farmers' Manual, an English 



ne potash and soda, all of 

 eparately applied, to pro- 

 ver crops, and to consti- 



i English 



The popular English remedies are— a wash of 

 arsenic, soft soap and potash; decoction of tobacco; 

 train oil with spirits of turpentine; and mercurial 



Randall gives the following details of tbe best 

 method of applying tobacco water:— "Ticks, when 

 very numerous, greatly annoy and enfeeble sheep 

 in the winter, and should be kept entirely out of 

 the flock. After shearing, the heat and cold, the 

 rubbing and biting of the aheep soon drive off the 

 tick, and it takes refuge in the long wool of the 

 lamb. Wait a fortnight after shearing, to allow 

 all to make this transfer of residence. Then boil 

 refuse tobacco leaves until the decoction is strong 

 enough to kill ticks beyoDd a peradventure. Thia 

 oadily tested by experiment. Five or sii 



sulphate of lime, with s 



duce a good effect on c 



tute an important part i 



We give the following 



because thousands of t 

 may be obtained in our cities, and if they arc 

 able it should be generally known. At all e 

 we need whatever light is obtainable upon th 

 ject of fertilizers: 



The ground selected contained three per c 

 clover; the first had no manure, and pro 

 thirty-eight pounds when cut in full head 

 second, where four quarts of sifted coal 

 which bad not been exposed to the weather 

 applied, the produce was fifty pounds ; on tht 

 perch, one quart of plaster was sown, and th 

 weighed fifty-four pounds. 



SHEEP TICKS. 



a the 



; the r 



,-ilh i 







of tbe quantities of butter or cheese produced by a 

 statedquantityofmilk.it requires to be understood 

 that milk from newly calved cows does not yield sc 

 much butter or cheese as milk from cows approach- 

 ing their time of going dry (in proportion to tbe 

 weight of milk.) Thus from a stock of cows all 

 calved by May 1st, 200 lbs. of milk will give 22 

 lbs. of cheese ready for the market in the month of 

 June, while tbe some quantity 

 same cow In October will produce 2S lbs. ready for 

 the market, and increase in the yield of cheese 

 from the quantity of milk 

 The monthly yield of milk 



April. .80 days' jield,291t 



May.. 





.,81 



,.ii uvitulV' ''■■' 



be year's pro- 



Thia has been 



, but without 



ligen 



haudful of com ler^nlTs^st'enan^ ^ "^ 

 think of this copartnership when you guide the 



which, allowing 10 lbs. of milk 

 yield 1 lb. of cheese, will leave s 

 ach cow CC 1 lbs. of cheest 



yielded by a dairy of 100 cows on an average, ant 

 been credibly informed by a farmer ic 

 the high districts of New Cummock, Ayrshire, thai 

 be has made more off each cow ; but his stock was 

 extra good, also bis pasture and feeding." 



Manuftu-lurc of Cheese.— The method of cheese- 

 making pursued by Mr. Mo Aoau is known as the 

 Dunlop," and the manner of operatii 



Edbi 



iiucho 



andn 



Meuofexperience, 



annoj jug, toon muny suppose 

 with large flocks, generally 

 necessary remedies, but there are hundreds of 

 farmers, whose time and attention are principally 

 directed to gruin growing, Ac, and who keep but 

 a few sheep, whose flocks are sorely troubled by 

 this parasite, and they never discover the cause of 

 the evil. This, which we have good reason to 

 know, was brought particularly to our notice in 

 sojourn among the farmers, and induces 

 few facts before our readers. The 



shelf one side, covered with a wooden grate, as 

 shown in the cut. One man holds the lamb by the 

 hind legs, another clasps the fore-legs in one hand, 

 and shuts the other about the nostrils to prevent 

 the liquid entering them, and then the lamb is 

 entirely immersed. It is immediately lifted out, 

 laid on one side on the grate, and the water 

 squeezed out of its wool. It is then turned over 

 and squeezed on the other side. The grate con- 

 ducts the fluid back into the box. If the lambs 

 are regularly dipped every year, ticks will never 

 trouble a flock." 



WHEAT CUITURE.-TIME OF SOWING. 



call for on expression in reference to the best time 

 for accomplishing this work. Farmers differ in 

 their practice in this respect, as in others. How" 

 can we arrive at correct conclusions here, unless 

 we compare the results of our experience? 



My own thoughts have been more particularly 

 directed to the subject, for the past few days, in 

 consequence of noticing earnest recommendations 

 on the part of advisers to "sow early," in the hope 

 of being able thus to measurably avoid the ravages 

 of tbe midge. The propriety of this advice I am 

 led to doubt. What shall we understand by early 

 towing? Perhaps we shall not agree on this point, 



shed ink in vain. The advice to "sow ' 

 early " is quite general in its terms, and admits of 

 lumber of precise dates. Tbe swift man, who 

 has been in the habit of scattering his grain the 

 of August, will conclude t 

 i as the middle of that moi 

 , who has heretofore congr 

 igbisvi 

 middle of October, will conclude thai he must put 

 on a little more steam and sow the first of October. 

 This will be tl 

 bow early, left iu general tt 

 Personally, I have been l 



aile the slow 



oil about tho 





The Shttp Tick or Lowe, lives 



and is exceedingly annoying I 



oval, shining bodies like the pips of small apples, 



ay be found attached by the 



pointed end to the wool, (see engraving fig- 1 ; H- 



"lesatne magnified.) These are not the eggs, 



the pupa?, which are laid by the female, and 



it first soft and white. From theft s.->ue ie 



ticks, (fig, 3; flg. 4, the same magnified;) which 



" dull ochre; the bead is 



horny, bristly, and c 

 i front, enclosing t 



,, (fig. 6J and a 



curved tubes, 



skin and sucking the 



blood. The body is large, leathery, puree-shaped 



described :— " The previous night's and morning's ' and whiteish when alive, and notched at the apex. 



he habit of consider- 

 ed first of September, 

 ; the middle of September as 

 nd the last days of September 

 s seeding time. Now, is 

 o recommend early sow- 

 together. Suppose 

 w a piece of ground the first day of Septem- 

 ,nd another piece of the same ground the 

 ieth of September. Will there be twenty 

 daysdiflerence in the time of ripening? Will there 

 i one-fifth of that time ? I doubt if there will be 

 le-tenth, or two days difference in the time of 

 ripening in ordinary seasons. I say I douht it, 

 iply because I do not wish to speak dogmatically, 

 ing never brought the test of direct experiment. 

 I judge from such facts as these: An individual 

 ii my immediate vicinity sowed a 

 and gravel soil (a quick-soil) the lust week in last 

 August ; I sowed a pieeeof heavy soil between the 

 15th and 20th of September. My wheat ripened, 

 for aught I could see, as sooi 

 menced cutting a day or two 



