TWO DOLLARS A "STBARJ 



"lruCKi^s AND IMI'KOVEMENT." 



[SINGLE NO. FOUIJ CKNT8. 



VOL. X. NO. 38. ( 



ROCHESTER, N.T.-FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 1859. 



{ WHOLE NO. 506. 



MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 



EtntAL, LITHURY AND KAMH.Y NBWSPAPEt. 



CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 

 With an Able Corps o[ Assistants and Contributors. 



.,^^:±>^2^!£ 



SEASONABLE 5OOOESTI0N3 





The fanner's rear is fust drawing to its close. 

 The labors of Spring and Summer tare been 

 concluded, and with these beautiful September 

 days we are getting in readiness to write "finis" 

 to Ibe duties of an extremely active season. Many 

 thing!), however, remain to be accomplished ere 

 wo can say the harvest is ended, and to some of 

 these it is our present purpose to call attention. 



Prominent among tbe tasks coon to be taken in 

 hand by the agriculturist, is the securing of the 







/ 



—is sadly needed, but we 

 believe the demand will soon be supplied by 

 Nivbn, or some other inventor, go that the old- 

 fashioned modes of digging may be dispensed 

 with. The great object in getting the potatoes 

 ready for the cellar, or pitting, is to have them 

 perfectly dry before storing. We have noticed 

 that some place them in heaps in the field, and 

 throw the tops over " to protect from the rays of 

 the sun," and we have almost invariably \when 

 the rot was at all prevalent,) noted these individ- 

 uals were among the first to complain. Moisture 

 is the invariable accompaniment of decay. An- 

 other rule which should be generally observed, is 

 to gatber them without bruise or fracture, and 

 care in loading and unloading ought to be exer- 

 cised. In harvesting carrots, the readiest mode is 

 to run the plow deeply at the side of the drills, 

 when they may be ta>i!y removed by the band, 

 When stored, and it is desired to retain all their 

 freshness, this can bo done by surrounding each 

 root with earth. Parmipt may be removed very 

 late in the fall. A cool place must be had 

 whicb to put them, and with this root covering 

 with earth is a necessity, as heat and air very soon 

 cause shrinkage and softening, materially affect- 

 ing their value either for the table or stock. 

 When not wanted for use they might remain in 

 the ground until spring, et which period they are 

 particularly rich and juicy. Turnips soon become 

 pithy and Domparotivelj worthless where the 

 atmosphere is dry, warm, and the circulation 

 impeded, and this condition of affairs should be 

 avoided. Many stock growers pit turnips exleu- 

 UTety, and, we republish the mode of one whose 

 success has been very satisfactory : 



" A dry part of the field is selected, tho ground 

 excavated to the depth of about six inches, three 

 feet wide, and as long a9 mo y be needed. In this 

 the turmp.s are pWtd, M high as the width of tho 

 narrow trench will admit, the pile being two feet 

 In Ifal (Diddle. Over the mu , a g 0od layer of 

 corn-stalks or slraw is placed, when the earth ia 

 carefully and compactly heaped up to a sharp 

 pitch, and well beaten with the Hat i>f Uie spude 

 At tbo distance of every fifteen or twenty f ee t a 



in which a roll of straw i* firmly twisted. Tins 

 has the effect of exhausting the pit of the heated, 

 impure atmosphere by which it naturally becomes 

 icing decomposition. By this simple, 

 «a*y modu of pitting, English turnips have been 

 preserved throughout tho winter in good cundi- 



Second, tho period of marketing, and nrhi 

 nand is at its height is, as a general thin 

 the winter, and the inclement weather 

 mt the opening of tho pit for their remov 

 uded with much ba/.ard. To 

 keeping a ;".«■ I ■'/'!■"■ is essential, and, ns we have 

 frequently remarked, this portion of a iarm bulld- 

 og, when properly constructed, will bo found to 

 clurn a large per centage for the investment. 

 Good, substantial stone walls is the first requisite, 

 and the mortar used ought to be of tht best quality. 

 should be lesB than two feet above 

 iree were better — and windows 

 inserted at such points as are best calculated to 

 furnish light and complete ventilation. Thetbick- 

 wall will be governed, iu a degree, by 

 the dwelling lo be erected upon it, but 

 fifteen inches is as Jiule as our severe frosto will 

 t. Drainage is another important item in the 

 Iniolion of a cellar. If the soil is a compact 

 and po.s-es^ed of a tendency to hold water — 

 strike a stone drain from the lowest corner of it— 

 ising small, or llat stones, well set in cement for 

 Is base. Again, it should be rat proof— and if the 

 proper means arc used— for instance, permitting 

 ourse of stone iu the foundation to 

 eight inches it will be well protected 

 from the outside. Finally, a large, roomy exter- 

 nal entrance should be made to it, and a strong 

 pair of steps leading therein. 



The Corn Crop seems to be a little behind the 

 limes, in this section at least, and the cold weather 

 we are now experiencing does not mature it as 

 rapidly as could be desired. Still, fair days may 

 vet -hi ml upon us in abundance, and if thus blessed, 

 the present month will furnish excellent opportu- 

 nity for gathering such as is intended for seed. 

 When the earliest ears are glazed, let each cultiva- 

 tor stroll through the field and make choice from 

 such stalks as exhibit unmistakable signs of health 

 and vigor. If any should be in readiness, braid 

 the cars carefully and hang them up in a dry, 

 warm and airy place. If not convenient to gatber 

 now, a few light, pointed sticks might be carried 



observed, place the stick in the hill that it may be 

 noted hereafter. The finest, longest, fullest ears 

 are what you want— reject all that arc not thus. 



Pigs destined to occupy pork-barrels the coming 

 winter ought to be penned shorlly, and the fatten- 

 ing process commenced by pUihing a little on 

 feed. Use such material as is at hand, the long- 

 keeping of which may result in deterioration or 

 loss The pig is omniverous— will eat anything 

 and everything that ib edible. The prime object 

 is to feed regularly— don't starve to-day and fill 

 repletion to-morrow. Corn, peas, beans, carro 

 parsnips, cabbage, Ac, will all come in good pin 

 and be found to essentially aid and assist [a can 

 ing out the specified plans of the owner. If y. 

 have any number of swine a steaming appara' 

 will be found both convenient and economical, 

 prepares the food to be more readily acted upon 

 by the digestive organs, and whatever will tend 

 to this object, diminishes the necessity of an 

 pendituro of vital force to its accomplishment, and 

 of necessity enables the animal to thrive mor 

 rapidly upon a certain quantity. 



AG. FAIBS- IMPORTANCE AND PROFIT. 



In our issue of the 20tb ult., we gave a list of 

 State, County and other Fuirs. nnd the 

 place of holding them, to the number of 

 These were all that we could obtoin prec 

 mntion in regard to, but there are, of course, many 

 others that have not come under 1 

 annual gatherings of the farmers are becoming 

 important, on account of their great am 

 number and the vast amount of time 

 loved. They have become a great 



Pitting pu« w « 



!, and hi ■ 



_ .. to, especially in 

 our northern climate, and believe there are satis- 

 actory reasons for not adopting such practice. 

 Fir»t, it is almost impossible to obtain the freedom 

 from moisture necessary to the safe-keeping of the 



l.ii.i i 





portence that they should be so conducted 

 yield a harvest of good fruit. Let us make t 

 calculation upon the list as published. These fairs 

 we will suppose to occupy two days each, ant 

 be visited by 4.0ixi persons each day, which 

 think a low estimate. This will add up 1,400, 

 days, or nearly 4.0,000 years, or a year each for 

 O00 men. Supposing each visitew to spend 60a 

 for admission fees and other expenses we hav 

 cost of $700,000. This ia in addition to the t 

 tod money given gratuitously by officers and c 

 miitces. For this large outlay of time and me 

 we have a right to expect great results. An in 

 tution which enlists such a vast multitude o\ 

 practical working men of the country in its b 

 port cannot be considered unimportant, or uav 

 thy tin: attention of tbe press having the inter. 

 of this class especially in its keeping. 



Without saying what the Former's Fairs should 

 be, we will merely remark that they should not be 

 permitted to become mere thows, or prominent- 

 ly partake of the character of the museum, the 



one the time and money which we have shown is 

 xpended in maintaining them will be worse than 

 rasled, for tbougb it may by some be claimed that 

 these shows are innocent in themselves, tho evils 

 always incident to large gatherings of people will 

 than counterbalance any good likely to result. 

 Our object, however, at this time is not to advise in 

 regard to the management of Fairs, but to give a 

 few hints as to the most profitable way to examine 

 these shows, for as much depends upon those who 

 as upon those who get up and manage these 

 exhibitions. Many go away from the finest exbibi- 

 .issatisfied, having spent a day, seen a great 

 deal, nnd Wrr- ■* 'ml little, The knowledge of this 

 nukes them unhappy, and very many, on 

 ling home, are ready to vote all fairs a hum- 

 an unprofitable outlay of time and money. 

 We would like to show the way in which every 

 tolerably good exhibition may be viewed with 

 profit, but have only space to briefly allude to one 



Those who attend one of our State, or even a 

 large County Fair, and spend live or sis hours 

 the grodnds, or even twice this time, in 

 looking over the whole exhibition, will go away 

 villi a confused jumble of men and women, cuttle 

 ,nd flowers, sheep and pigs and pumpkins daguer- 

 cotyped upon the mind, without one new orvalu- 

 .blo idea that will be of service in practice.— 

 Umost every farmer has some subject in which 

 ia is moro particularly interested, and this he 

 should make a special study, whether it is stock, 

 grain, potatoes or roots, thoroughly examining 

 everything of the kind - \hibited, asking questions 

 of exhibitors, and lading all necessary pains to 

 gather information. Every one before going to 

 the fair should determine to make a specialty of 

 some department, and give it his almost entire 

 time and thought. By doing so he will gain much 

 knowledge, that will be of value to himself and 

 to tbose to whom it may be imparted. 



The first thing that demands our attention is 

 the Houses. Too much attention perhaps bas 

 been given to speed, of late, aod too little to 

 strength and endurance, qualities that moke the 

 horse valuable for tho farmer. Our improved and 

 improving system of agriculture— deep plowing, 

 subsoiling, Ac, — calls for heavier horses than 

 were needed when farmers, as in olden time, only 

 turned over the virgin soil a few inches in depth. 

 Farmers who look for fine farm horses should 

 remember this fact. Still, if farmers can breed 

 horses tbat will sell for bii;h prices on account of 

 their Bpced, we know not why this may not be 



To examine tbe Cattle, tho various breeds and 

 the different animals in each, and to judge of their 

 comparative merits, and their adaptation to differ- 

 thoroughly and profitably requires all the time of 

 the show. Here you will find the owners, ready 

 to answer a host of questions as to feeding, milk- 

 ing, fattening, Ac, and here too, better than by 

 reading a library of books, you can learu the good 

 and bud points of animals, no mean acquisition to 

 the farmer. 



The Implements are a curious and profitable 



learned not only how to lessen labor by the uso of 

 labor-saving implements, but much knowledge of 

 mechanical principles, very useful to their manage- 



We might continue these remarks, but we have 



said enough to give our ideas of the best way to 

 look at an exhibition, when the object sought is 

 to gain knowledge, nnd not to pass an idle hour, 

 or day iu useless sight-seeing. 





It i 



EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE. 



Exrinrmsu Thistles fkok Grass Lam 

 correspondent of the London J-'UU, 

 ing upon this class of pests, remarks that the 

 have appeared few things more extraordinary 

 the history of farming knowledge than tbe pi 

 verse tenacity with which prejudice bas so loi 

 preferred the scythe to tbe roller in keeping down 

 thistles. In the North Riding of Yorkshire, 

 far back as forty years ago, the roller was 

 improved instrument for destroying thistles 

 pasture grounds ; and most effective was it found 

 to be, tbe bruise and crush of the top of the pli 

 extending its mortification to the root. No doubt 

 the scythe makes a clean sweep; so docs a sur 

 geon when he cuts a leg off; but let a crushed lei 

 remaiu attached to the body, arid the undertake 

 will assuredly have employment. 



BtUV 1'i.ows is England.— At the meeting of 

 the Royal Agricultural Society in Warwick, En- 

 gland, July l^th, a prominent feature or the exhi 

 bition was tbe collection of steam plows ant! 

 Sixteen steam pl< 



r.np.-Liti 





ig intended for cutting and 



e of tbe best ma- 

 chines for the purpose of its 

 invention with which ne are 

 acquainted. It is a genuine 



Yankee invention, was patent- 



jome two years ago, aud has 



ce been introduced to some 



eut in New England. We 



e had one of these machines 



y two weeks, yet has become 



indispensable article in the 



itcheu cabinet,"— bcingcon- 

 sidercd tbe best of several ap- 

 ple parers yet tried in that 

 department. In the language 

 porury, "itissimpie 



>n, and can be readily 



attached to tbe side of a table 

 shelf. It is small and com- 

 pact withal, and maybe put m- 

 box 4?-< byC by s inches, 

 without taking it apart. The 

 ist important thing, however, 

 that it works well. We have 

 ed it on gnarly apples, and 

 found tbe flexible or movable knife to adapt itself 

 idmirably to tbe irregularities of the fruit. This 

 mifecuts upward Instead of downward or horizon- 

 ally. Simply turning the crank revolves the apple 



Parch. 





outward as soon as it has completed the paring; 

 it then goes round, and back to the starting point, 

 ready for another apple. By continuing to turn 

 tbe crank, the apple will be sliced into tbin par- 

 ings, if desired, for drying or cooking. Tbe imple- 

 ments are not expensive, as tbey are wholesaled 

 table, throws the knife lever | so they can be retailed at £1 each with a fair profit." 



thoroughly pulverizing the soil to tbe dept 

 six to nine inches along a track four and a ha 

 five or six feet wide. Tbe Manchester Guar 

 says that " the most peculiar and novel implei 

 exhibited under this head is Romaixe's 1't 

 Steam Rotary Cultivator, which professes to 

 form perfect spade husbandry, digging six i 

 a day at nine shillings ($2,16) per acre, 

 machine is very cumbersome and unwieldy, wt 



. but i 





f-propelling." 



any i 



Best and Cheapest Method of Mam rikq .\ 



Farm.— Tbe Mark lane Express contains on article 

 upon this subject by Mr. Mucni, from which we 

 extract the following: — "I am often amused at 

 the various unfounded charges laid at my door, 

 seeing that they originate in the brain of errone- 

 ous conviction and unfounded belief. I should 

 think that your correspondent, • Kent," had con- 

 vinced h mi.- ell by his own experiment Quit making 

 meat is tbe cheapest way of obtaining manure, 

 but as he still seems doubtful, I would recommend 

 him to read Mr. Lawbs' paper on the subject, in 

 tbe Royal Agricultural -Society's Journal, which 

 ought to convince him, scientifically. A farmer 

 will seldom fail to have an abundant crop of corn 

 on one-half of his farm, if he makes, as I do, ten 

 score of meat per acre on every acre of his farm. 

 Tbe laborer makes thirty-two score per acre. How 

 that meat is to be made is dependent on circum- 

 stances. Nothing pays me better than giving 

 sheep one pound of rapecake per day; as they 

 get fat, tbey will eat nearly one aud a half pounds 

 per day. Rupecaki 









belie 



that 



seven pounds of rapecake will moke ono pound of 

 mutton. Fattening hogs entails a loss of about 

 ten per cent, as an average, but still it is much 

 cheaper thuu guano; fifty-six lbs. of barley-meal 

 is generally sufficient to produco eight pounds of 

 pork. Fattening bullocks, on tbe principle laid 

 down by Mr. Hoiiskall, is also a cbeup way of 

 obtaining manure. When you bavo made your 



This has been my custom for the la>t fifteen years, 

 and as a consequence my form teems with fertility. 

 The slop3 and excreta from the house should all 

 go on the farm. Guano pays very well 

 distant field, or when you are too busy ti 

 manure ; it is also a good addition to the farm 

 manure for a greedy root crop. Nine-tenth3 of 

 the land in this kingdom is neither well manured 

 nor sufficiently cultivated. If I kuow how many 

 score pounds of meat a farmer produces per acre, 

 I can generally make a shrewd guess at what his 



" P. S.— A laborer generally fats one pig, using 

 about four sacks of barley meal, and udding about 

 six score to the weight of bis pig- This, on bis 

 garden of one-eighth of an acre, irould '"- ; "; 



score per acre on the consumption ol 1 ■> to 1-J 

 quarters of barley per acre." 



Ti-iikev liriKEnrxa. Several inquiries upon tbe 



i . turkeys, end the responses there- 

 to, have appeared in the RtnUL recently, but tbe 





== -"- 



Lbat of either sex, one old turkey is worth 

 ings for rearing young ones. A turkey 

 irrive at its full growth and maturity till 

 full after two years old, and of conse- 

 quence, to its full strength and vigor for breeding 

 best possible manner. The continual repe- 

 of keeping young gobblers and pullets for 

 breeding, as some people do, reduces the size of 

 young until tbey arrive at scarcely half the 

 weight they should do. Besides this, tbo young 

 birds are exceedingly tender, and 

 much more difficult to raise than those of old birds. 

 We have tried this thing thoroughly, and on con- 

 vinced of the difference. Were we choose our 

 birds for tbe best breeding, both cocks and hens 

 hauld not bo less than three years old, and then 

 the cock should be from a different stock from the 

 hens. We think turkeys bear breeding from close 

 affinities less successfully than any other fowl — at 







i,l,l ii 



breed acock to bens whicb were closely related, if 

 it could be helped. 



Another thing, we prefer to let every hen sit up- 

 on her own eggs, and with the first laying of the 

 season. She hatches them better than a barn-door 

 hen, and is the most natural and satisfactory 

 mother. We have most repeatedly set tbe first 

 laying of eggs under the common hen, and turned 

 tho turkey out for a second clutch of eggs, on 

 which she sat heirclf. But these second chickens 

 are apt to be weaker than the first, and so late as 

 not to obtain a fair growth before cold weather 

 sets in — in fact, not worth half price. The turkey 

 is a 'natural' bird in all its habits, domesticated 

 from a wild state, and yet retaining the consNtu- 

 tional propensities of its original race; therefore 

 tbe young should be reared in their proper season, 

 when the varieties of food they are partial to ore 

 the most abundant. Every young turkey should 

 be out of the shell by the middle of June, at the 

 latest, which gives them full time to get up to good 

 size by 'Thanksgiving,' and fat and juicy by 

 Christmas." 



DRTVING OXEN WITHOUT LUTES. 



Oxen were always calculated to be driven with- 

 out bridles or lines. But horses, not so much so. 

 Oxen ebew tbo cud; nnd bits in their mouth* 

 would bo a great hindrance to tbem in rumina- 

 ting. Horses do not chew the cud, and therefore, 

 because they usually possess more spirit, und 

 agility, nnd impetuosity in their movement!, " U* 

 put bits in their mouth* that they m 

 (James, 3:3.) It would be a very dlffloull task to 

 learn a span of fiery, spirited colts to obey the 

 motion of a whip ; but a yoke of steers, however 

 wild and skittish, con be learned, in a very short 

 time, to render most complete obedience to tho 

 driver, if ho understands how to mi "Up 



with skill and propriety. Perhaps thero is not 

 another domestic animal that can be 

 so much ease aud precesion. without lires, as an ox. 



I have observed that there hu> been very much 

 written, In rears past, on the subject of breaking 

 steers, ami driving them; but I I,, ,■,-,.■ „ 



■^ss^^s. 



