320 



MOORE'S HUHAL lEW-YO&EEH. 



i . .-. • 



bouQiiMllv, often, 



go proof, and yields most 



i good bud, from forty to 



On good, dry land, such 



v live bushels of wheat per 



f barley. Early i 



.al.l.- 





ugh druiriage. na if there is 

 least excess of moisture the plant will aui 

 " heave," yet on d *7 'and no crop pays betler, 

 Ihmk winter hurley ia merely spring barley, 

 climated to endure our winters, as after mild 

 winters wheat on spring barley bubble will coo- 

 tain heads of barley scattered through tbe sheaves. 

 Oa extremely good soil spring barloy would an- 

 swer to sow in the fall, though I think winter 

 barley would be rather more hardy. Probably 

 winter bat ley will become more and more hardy 

 with repculed sowings— the farther it is removed 



-id H if of the crop, aboul 



ON BREEDING HORSES IN WESTERN N. T. 



Ddtnt and a regular subscriber deeply inti 



in i he ulnu i' .-,n'ij.v-l, li;n littiilly handed r 

 o of your talented and highly pleasing papi 



a jour 





I horses no 



' ' e 68J" tt banders, 





and drawn my attention to an articl 

 pression of July 2" A, wherein Mr. P.u 

 to improve the breed of horses in C 

 recommends larger and heavier hor:- 

 whilst in jour editorial remarks En t 

 ber, jou remind the writer that sma 

 witbsinudmg bring high pnce3 and are much id 



sion of August 18th, under the signature of "Ru- 

 ral Reader," on the same subject, and apparently 

 anxious for furlber information, asks: "What 

 kind of stallions crossed wilb the marcs of West- 

 ern N. Y. f will produce the- fastest trotters, best 

 roadsters, most stylish and valuable carriage hors- 

 es, and most useful stage, cart, and farm horses?" 



Difficult as this question may be to solve, in- 

 volving as it does in its sweeping grasp, tbc whole 

 of tbe inures at piesent existing in Western New 

 York, large, small, and medium sized, and not- 

 withstanding all tbe varied opinions on the sub- 

 ject, I will obey the call of your correspondent, 

 and try to assist you in solving this knotty but 

 most interesting question. 



Mr. P. recommends large horses, weighing 1.C00 

 lbs., while you remind us that small horses are 

 valuable; you are both apparently right, but as a 

 general rule you are both wrong* Mr. P.'s large 

 horse would prodi 

 neither n.-cful u.ji 

 indiscriminately i 



have no axe to grind." Both these horses 

 no doubt produce some good ones, but (hey wo 

 produce far too many bad, and leave you wit 

 very poor stock from which to breed in future. 

 I understand the object to be attained byyour c 

 respondent's remark, it is this — What kind 

 horse would you recommend us to use to all > 

 mares — great, small, and modi 

 and indifferent — in order to p 

 amount of valuable, useful horses, for all purpos- 

 es, saddle, harness, and draught, with tbe least 

 loss by wasters, (that is, overgrown useless ani- 

 mals, and undersized weeds, equally worthless,) 

 leaving us at tbe same time with a goodly quanti- 

 ty of mares not deteriorated, from which we can 

 continue our breeding operations with success? 



In order that I may be properly understood by 

 your large circle of readers, to whom I am a stran- 

 ger, and may use terms (although correct) not in 

 common use by them, permit mc to explain that, 

 by a Draught horse I mean a pure bred Clydesdale, 

 a Suffolk, or a Northnmbrain; they are all of them 

 good. By Harness, I mean a pure Cleveland bay 

 carriage horse; and for Saddle a thorough -bred, 

 and I do not mean in this paper to speak of any 

 other. Let me here state, however, for reasons 

 hereafter to be Darned, that on no account whatev- 

 er would I imc o itu.l hor.'.- of a mixed breed, even 

 if he wot the/a tett (rotter in creation. The borse 

 tor jour purpose must be pure, although neither 

 he, or his blood, ever trotted fast in their livee.- 

 Impoited Messenger, Trustee, Bashaw, Ac., Ac, 

 were not trotters, but they produced the best of 

 t, and so bhall tbe horse I recommend if he 

 I apeak from 

 in producing 

 gallop, as long 



i, bad, good, 



can be obtained and havi 

 years of practical expericuci 

 horses that could walk, trot 

 and as fust as any horses in this fast country. 

 We must infer that a large proportion of you 



above ohserva 



pure; hence the necessity of the 

 ion, that on the male side I insist 



upon purity, s 

 it, and follow 

 Where the m 



o that you can fa' I back and replace 

 t up for any period, even lo all lime, 

 res are pure, tbe result will speak 



r itself; bul 



on the mule side, uo calculation can bo made— tbe 

 produce may perchance be right, or it may take 

 after Borne great, gl. gt. grand, no knowing how 

 '"back. Therefore, to begin we must have one 

 aide pur* blood, cither saddle, harness, or draught; 

 the mares we presume are not all so, and therefore 



o obtain, or attempt to obtain, the object asked 

 bj our Mend , Hural Reader) wo must have purity 

 on one aide, and tbe male is preferable. 



In order to a , 10w t , le necesalty of ^ b , ood in 



the aire and not only purc btood hut per f ec , ioll in 



shape, I will use ii, b _„,, . , 



... ... l,le authority of an esteemed 



friend and able wntcr, lt M11ULI , Onto* M D on 



Observes: "There in no uncertainty in natur ' 

 operations, the male alway, confers tbe external 

 structure of the offapring, while the female tnve. 

 the internal." In other words, we reasonably \al 

 dilate and expect that the offspring will ben 

 external conformation and locomotive po w ,, 

 theatre, and the internal, (i. «.,) vital organ* or 

 constitution of the dam. Now, if this observation 

 is true it will materially assist us in our object - if 



will bring befuic jour readers a few Pnjilologiotl 

 facts bearing upon this important subject, to ena- 

 ble lliem lo judge of tbe necessity for using pure 

 blood and superior form, aucb as I bm airenu- 

 ouslv recommended above, in tbe borse to be used 



first example a mare put to on ass will 

 produce a mule, witb its head, curs, tail, mane, 

 legs and reel of the sire, or Jack, with tbe body 

 and constitution ol the dam or mare and '«< 

 versa, put a pony to an ass, aud the ollqn ">i: "ill 

 be a liiriny. witb all tboexteruals of tbe pouy and 

 the body and constitution of the ass. Tbe former, 

 sired by the Jack, will bray ; and the latter, sired 

 by tbe pony, willneigh. Mr, Thomas, of Quveifbrd 

 West, in writing on this subject, says—" In using 

 a long eared boar aud D short eared sow (two pure- 

 ly distinct breeds) tbe progeny will have the loDg 

 ears ol tbo aire, or boar, improved by tbe fattening 

 qualities of the sow, and the produce from a ebort 

 cored boar and a long eared sow, will shorten tbe 

 ears aud body of their produce, with a correspond- 

 ing loss of adaptation to fatten." 



Tbe cross with a pure draught borse, and a sad- 

 dle or blood mare, will produce a line, strong borne 

 wilh tbe form of tbc sire, and the game of tbe 

 mare, but at an awful tacrifee of pace and lotting 

 qualities. The blood horse upon tbe draught mare 

 is a decided improvement; it is, in fact, implant- 

 ing blood upon strength ; tbe form and locomotive 

 powers are improved, at au apparent loss of size 

 and strength, but this is nut so much in reality as 

 it is in idea, the bones of tbe bloud horse being 

 more dense, and stronger for their size than 

 draught, and the muscles and tendons are also 

 stronger in the same proportion. Experiments 

 similarly conducted with sheep prove the same 

 result. For instance, tbe Leicester ram with a 

 Chevoit ewe will produce more sine, andasquarer 

 form, with longer wool — while tbe Cheviot ram 

 with Ihe Leicester ewe, will deteriorate the Lieces- 

 ter, and only slightly improve tbe Cheviot, prov- 

 ing indisputably that blood and form must be used 

 on the male side, to guide us to a successful re- 

 sult. 



This law is not confined to animals alone; na- 

 ture dictates Ihe same principles, aud obeys the 

 same law as rigidly in tbo feathered tribes. Mr. 

 Garnbtt, of Clitbero', bred from a Muscovy drake 

 and a common duck, the produce having the large 

 form and wild habits of the male, with improved 

 Deeh of the common duck, while those hybrids 

 produced from the common drake and Muscovy 

 duck made little or no alteration in their form. 



There is another rule in the Physiology of breed- 

 ing, so very remarkable, and at the sumc time so 

 well authenticated, that it cannot fail to prove in- 

 teresting. The fema'c system imbibes other in- 

 fluences (than those already named) from tbo male, 

 winch modify the future progeny of other males ; 

 in almost all kinds of animals the effect has been 

 noted, and I now select a few which most suit our 

 purpose for illustration. Mr. McOillavorat ob- 

 serves that, "in several foals in tbe Royal stud at 

 Hampton Court, by Acteon, there were unequivocal 

 marks of tbe borse Colonel, to whom tbe dams of 

 these foals had been put and bred from the previ- 

 ous season. Again, a colt belonging to the Earl 

 of Sheffield, by Laurel, so resembled tbe horse 

 Camel that it was not only thought, but boldly as- 

 serted at Newmarket that he must have been sired 

 by Camel. It was ascertained, however, that the 

 only relation tbe colt bore to Camel, was, that his 

 dam had been to Camel the year before." "Prof. 

 Low affords us another instance, after remarking 

 that there is sometimes a difficulty in gelling 

 thorough-bred mares to breed to blood, and in 



order to induce them, a courser horse is used. 



Tbe Professor adds, the effect never rails to be 

 seen in the progeny, the courser characters of the 

 Erst male reappearing, however lii^hly bred tbe 



IIallbr aud Becker both say that when a mare 

 has had a mule to an ass, and then a fual to a horse, 

 tbe foal exhibits traces of the ass, a statement also 

 confirmed by Prof. Low. Many reasons are as- 

 signed for this phenomenon, but, to outer into 

 them, and explain bow they come to pass, would 

 lead my already too long paper beyond the limits 

 of your columns. We will therefore try to solve 

 Rural Reader's question, viz: what horse, under 

 all the circumstancos will answer bis question, as 

 given in the beginning of this article? 



Now, Sir, if these gentlemen are correct in their 

 Physiological remarks, as to the male conferring 

 tbo external form and locomotive powers to the 

 offspring, and tbe female the coualitution in the 

 first instance, and in tbo necond that the male also 

 has the power of influencing the female in respect 

 to her subsequent progeny begotten by another 

 horse,— I say if ihoy are correct (and until we can 

 prove they are not bo,) we cannot be wrong in 

 choosing the male with the greuto&t possible care, 

 both as to blood and shape. 



All well made horses from a good, sound stock, 

 with proper treatment will have their natural pa- 

 ces in perfection, (the walk, trot, and gallop,) iu 

 which they will go as fast as any reasonablo mau 

 wishes; and they (I mean any of them,) can read- 

 ily be taught to go faster, and do a mile in fewer 

 seconds than is absolutely neceBSOfy for any use- 

 ful purpose; and will also easily learn any ugly, 

 awkivard style, fast or slow, tbe owner chooses, 

 and it may be callod trotting—" a rose by any other 



old i 



-but t 



these things well (as a goucral rule) both blood 

 and shape arc necessary. There are plenty of 

 horses, with very fine names, that go fast, but they 

 have neither a natural pace or an elegant style; 

 they are fit for a butcher's cart, and their intense 

 value in the eye of a judge is— nil. 



Our object is to produce valuable, stylish, fast, 

 and useful horses from all your mares, and tbe 

 drought horse will not do this. " We cannot make 

 a silk purse from u sow's ear " — from draught we 

 cannot produce a saddle horse nor a Oral cluss for 

 harness; elacticity of limb, speed and elegance, 

 would be sacrificed on the shrine of size and 

 strength. With a short-legged Cleveland carriage 



will keep up your size and strength with more 

 speed and elegance, and leave you with the best 

 blood mares in tbe world for trotting, or any other 



purpose but racing ; from this stock yon never can 

 compete with thorough blood. 



To till all tbe requirements of Rural Reader, I 

 fear there is ouly one horse, but there is one borse, 

 and from him you can (according lo tbo quality of 

 tbc marc you use) produce every kind of horse 

 enumerated in ynur correspondent's sweeping 

 ([iiesi mm Tli is horse I would have thorough- bred, 

 so that from bim you can produce racers, trotters, 

 saddle, harness, draught, and horses for every in- 

 tcrmediute purpose; but to do tbis it is necessary 

 that he should be chosen with judgment — and that 

 is not, can be do 2 30?— but it is, can be walk well, 

 and sound, trot iu due form, and gallop correctly? 

 His limbs must bo as strong as a wagon horse, 

 short, lint, and free, not tied in anywhere ; bis feet 

 good aud sound, small bead, wide nostrils, und 

 sloping shoulder*; bis Dee I. long, but not too long, 

 nor his crest too high, 1 1 don't like your peacock 

 horses, they are ouly for show, they are flat catch- 

 bis body thick, muscular and strong, and his back 

 short, his blood as pure as flowed in tbe veins of 

 Eclipse, bis height under ltl hands, his color a 

 bright blood bay, with jet black legs, and not only 

 without a blemish, but if possib'e without a fault. 



I do not wish lo be invidious, or speak ill of any 

 particular horse; neitber do I wish to pruiae an- 

 other beyond bis true merit. I cannot, however, 

 rc-ist remarking ibat I yestcrdoy saw in a public 

 exhibition a horse 25 years old, with all, or nearly 

 all, the qualities I have enumerated, und upon in- 

 quiry I found that it was the celebrated race borBe 

 Mango, imported to this country from England, 

 and now the properly of Messrs. Rathoatb, of 

 Westchester, Co., N. Y. This horse won tbe St. 

 Lcgcr at Doncaatcr in 1847 ; his raising qualities 

 and performances are of Brat class order, and if bo 

 was 5 years old, instead of 'jr>, I would say of all 



j I hat 



untry b 



nearest the animal [ have described, and tbe most 

 likely to answer all the requirement* of our friend 

 Rural Reader. 



The only excuse I can make for the length I 

 have unfortunately run this article is the interest 

 I feel iu tbe subject, a deBire to be useful to your 

 readers in particular, a benefit to the human fami- 

 ly in general, and also to give you, Sir, an oppor- 

 tunity of becoming acquainted with 

 Yours, most respectfully, 



Rural Spirit of tlic Press. 



According to Sir Robert Kane, the diat 



guished chemist, says tbe 6Vo ntijic American, c 

 pound of bones contains the phosphoric acid 

 twenty-eight pounds of wheat. A crop of whi 

 of forty bushels per acre, and sixty pounds j 

 bushel, weighs 2,100 pounds, and tbis requii 

 about eight j -six pounds of bones to supply it w; 

 that essential material. The usual supply ol" bo 

 dust (tbree to four cwt, per acre,) supply each of 

 the crops for four years wilh a sutficiciency of 

 pbospboric acid, which is given out as tbe bones 

 decompose. It may, therefore, be conceived what 

 would be tho effect of a double dressing of bones, 

 renewed each year from time to time, by adding 

 doses, all giving out tho phosphoric acid by the 

 slow process of decomposition. 



Pbof. Cami-dbll says;— "Some farmers put 

 off the application of their stable and yard manure 

 lo wheat until winter or spring. When this is 

 done, they are usually but poorly compensated for 

 their labor. Winter wheat has two periods of 

 growth; the first in autumu, aod tbe second dur- 

 ing the following spring or summer. The vigor of 

 the crop in its second period, generally depends 

 very much upon tho healthful development of 

 those parts of the roots which are natural to the 

 first or autumn period. If, then, manure is incor- 

 porated with the soil at the time of sowing, the 

 impulse given to the wheat plants in autumn is 



lured— unless some physical cause comes in to 

 prevent, such as drouth or the depredation of 

 iusects. But when manure is spread upon fall 

 wheat in winter or spring, il comes too lute. Tbe 

 basis of a good crop is not there. As well might 

 you expect to make o great ox from a stinted calf, 

 us to make a good crop in such a case as this." 



A whiter in the Oskaloosa Herald gives his 

 method of preserving tho sweet potato through 

 tbe winter. His way is as follows— " I use dry 



sand is dried, in a kiln, in a log heap, or in the 

 sun, so it is dry, that is all that is required. I 

 prefer drying in a log heap, as it costs at least four 

 times less, and is just us good. And a fumily that 

 has a little room with a stove in it. may keep u 

 box or two of eight or ten bushels, without much 

 inconvenience. Tbo boxes must bo raised six or 

 eight inches from tbo floor, aud they must not be 

 nearer than four inches to the wall. Fill tho box 

 with potatoes, and then put in sand, cover tbo 

 potatoes wilh aand. There is a good deal suid 

 about kiln-dried sund, but is all fudge. I have 

 also known them kept well in buckwheat chuff. 

 In order to keep potatoes wilh 





Then 



nk below 40°; if it does, tbe potatoes 

 will chill and rot; it also must not rise above tio", 

 or they will grow. I have never lost any of my 

 potatoes only by letting the room get too cold. A 

 thermometer only costs a dollar, and every man 

 ought to have one." 

 "Artenian Welle a Curse." 



So soys the California Former, and without 

 agreeing with tho opinion, wo give an extract from 

 its article on the subject : 



"We have made critical examination of tbe 

 result of this flooding the land, tbis profuse irriga- 

 tion, and not a solitary instance have we fouud 

 where we do not see a blight in some degree, and 

 it is rapidly increasing. We venture the assertion 

 that within two years many tine and nourishing 

 garden spots will hare became so diseased as to 

 literally die out. The system, as now practised, 

 is contrary to all principles of science, and wo 

 hope most earnestly that the cultivators of that 



great valley will communicate freely and fully 

 with us upon tbis subject, giving us ull impor- 

 tant facts relating to artesian wells nod their influ- 

 ence. We know this fact. Tho fruit raised by 

 the irrigation system is neither eo high colored or 

 to neb tnd juicy; and the trees that produce the 

 fruit look succulent iu their brancbeB; they did 

 not ripen ibeir wood well, and thus become subject 

 to be destroyed by cold and frost. Trees and 

 plauta raised under this system, make long, nuked 

 'lap roots.' and consequently bear fruit upon ibe 



" We ask cnltivetora to esumine our statements, 

 and they will find them bo. We do not belleva 

 there is a gardener, nurseryman or orchatdist that 

 will not scon deplore tbe error be has committed 

 in tbus being led into this unnatural system. God 

 said 'fountains shall spring up in tbo desert,' 

 across which in bis own time he will 'make a high- 

 way for our God,' and then across the desert will 

 ere long be found for the coming thousands to our 

 land, tbe artesian well, ond there they will be a 

 'blessing for man and beast;' and he] 



iblet 





, thej 



Artesian wells, if bero and there only, would be 

 well enough ; but the system of irrigation should 

 only be in accordance wilh nature's plans; tho 

 earth must not be deluged ; gentle showering over 

 the foliage at tbe evening hour to cleanse and 

 refresh, is always good, and that is about all that 

 is needed. But there is a great evil that will soon 

 be felt at Santa Clara; in fact is now felt. The 

 earth is parched up, and bitter and grievous com- 



the evil is increasing. And jet, 'men have ejes, 

 bul Ihey see not.' All the surface water of tbe 

 entire county is drawn off by means of arlesian 

 wells; drawn down to their channels, and then 

 sent up again in one stream instead of ten thou- 

 sand through all the pores of the surface earth, and 

 then carried off iuto the boy." 



Agricultural Jttiscellang. 



prove one of the best over be 

 weather promises to be Bne, i 

 say everything Is ready on I 



l.j the fro 

 3 Fair BR 



have heen assign- 



Cor.s, Ac, Damaged hy Fnosr-Tbe fro; 

 occurred tho middle of Just month proved 

 injurious Ln some portions of this Stale than w. 

 ad at the lime. Judging from what wo saw ai 

 In this vicinity, we supposed and slated that 







Indebted to Mr 



DEveiiACX.tif Clyde, N. V ., for a sample of nine in. 

 from the Oporto crape. Mr. D. seal us a sample 

 winter, which we noticed favorably,— a-klng Infori 



tils reply, oar associate of the Horticultural depart ai 



pn.uiiuueiDg ii ali"SC-ttior too sweet, Ac, Itlspto 



■d, though usually a 



To Krei- Oiurc Swear— In answer lo an Inquiry, 

 'How to keep Cider fretli and sweet," in a late Bubal, 



•Iraple process, which has proved satisfactory lo me. 



in file | en It y to clarify as jou would eijrup to make 

 uaplo sugar, with eggs or tatlk. Skim thoroughly ; 



ivheu cold put It Into sweet casks; bum; tight. Afleru 



Tna Out "Si-hut of tub Tiues."— In response toga 

 request, It h but Jusl to state Ibal our long-time cx- 

 ebmigu, ihe "old" Spirit hi the Ttmes,it In no wise 



AOE.ICtJLTtJaAI, ; 



Tna Pa. Stats FAlB- Be . T l>i,| 1a[) „ tph| , , 

 nn Ibesom.. ground, where tbe U. B. FatrVu b id 



atlr»cin„ tn\ 



i 



arrange men ts. Tbe Indiana Fa 



aged we have ever «een anywhere. 



Floyd County Agricultural Awochi 

 lUlnltt territorial Jon-die, I, ,ri BaTu 



RSOB Countt Faib.— Our County Fair, loslw( 

 rorlhy of the Society and locality. The BXhlbK 



lblc on the principal doys-Tnuradny and Frt 



i. $2,000.) Tbo Indian Baf play, on Tour,, 

 ted uu Imme.ue uudlenfP'lbe novelty pr.n 



Won of Stock, Implements, Fruit, Dom< 



celp's greatly exceeded those of the prei 

 Tho Buffalo Itepabllc specially commends i 

 of implements, carriages, etc., made by Ciii 

 of Lancaster, and a now elraw, stalk aud 

 manufactured by J. M. Claqiiobx, of North 



Mr. c. further eaya:—" Judging Iron 

 iof tho grain, It Is capable of yield 

 acre. During the pasi season 11 ha 

 side of spring borley and has pro 

 > to one of Iho sprLog variety. Mi 

 bis place (Quliicy,) has raised darinf 





