tXM 



OCT. 22. 



MOORE'S RTDFEJlL EF3SW-YOKKE&. 



CHART OF 1 TPJB1PERATURE AND CLIMATE. 



■turfy, by the way, which has been almost totally 

 neglected in our common schools. Tbis term, m 

 generally understood, denotes Ibe temperature o 

 nous portions of the globe; bo' 



tukei 



leral i 



atmospheric states and conditions which directly 

 affect animal or vegetable lire. In connection 

 with the Chart of Temperature and Climate, given 

 above, we condense from the " Outlines of Physical 

 Gii'ijr/ij'hi/" t tie following list of causes for these 

 variations, the full comprehension of which will 

 prove of great utility to the reader : 



Climate is determined by a variety of causes, the 

 chief of which are:— 1, The latitude of a country ; 



the equator. 2. Elevation of the land above the 

 Ben-level. 3. The proximity to, or remoteness of 

 ft country from, the sea. 4. The slope of a country, 

 or the aspect it presents to the sun's course. 5. 

 The position and direction of mountain chains. 

 6. The nature of the soil. 7. The degree of culti- 

 vation and improvement at which the country has 

 arrived. 8. The prevalent winds. 9. The annual 



t falls 



ntry. 



The latitude of a country, and tbc consequent 

 direction in which the .-olar rays full upon its sur- 

 face, are the principal causes of the temperature 

 to which it is subject. At the equator, and within 

 the tropics, the greatest heat is experienced, be- 

 cause the sun is always vertical to some place 

 within those limits, and tbe solar action ia more 

 intense ID proportion as the rays arc perpendicular 

 to tbe earth. As we recede from the equator, they 

 fall more obliquely; and because fewer of tbem 

 are spread over a larger space, they are less pow- 

 erful, aud consequently less influential in promot- 

 ing temperature. It has been calculated that, out 

 of 10, nun rays fulling upon the earth's atmosphere, 



S.123 arrive at a given point if they come perpen- 

 dicularly; 7,021, if the angle of direction is 50°; 

 2,821, if it is 7°; and only fi, if the direction is 

 horizontal. 



The temperature of countries is largely affected 

 by tbe extent of their elevation above the level of 

 the tea. As we ascend in the atmosphere the cold 

 increases,— an effect due to the rarefaction of the 

 air, and to the circumstance of being farther from 

 tbe heat reflected from the surface of the earth. 

 We may travel several hundred miles from the 

 equator towards the poles, along the level surface 



Ther 



i experienced, unti 





of temperature usu- 

 ally given, is 1° for 300 feet of height; 2' for 595 

 feet; 3° for 872 feet ; 4' for 1,124 feet; 5" for 1,347 



feet; and G° for 1,539 feet. In the temperate 

 zone generally, if one site is a thousand yards 

 higher than another adjoining, it will have a cli- 

 mate 12° colder; and the higher the latitude the 

 lower the snow line becomes, till it meets the sur- 

 face of the earth in the frigid zone. 



Thr manuuto, or remoteness of a country from, 

 the tea, is an important element in determining its 

 climate. The ocean preserves a much more uni- 

 form temperature than tbe laud, far lower than its 

 extreme of heat, and higher than its extreme cold. 

 The winds that sweep over it have this character 



> the c 





Heuce islands and maritk 

 climates than inland regions under the same 

 allel of latitude,— the currents from the o 

 tempering their summer heat, and modera 



The tlqp« of a country, or the aspect itprtsen 



the sun's course, has an important influence on its 

 climate. The angle at which the sun's rays strike 

 the ground, and consequently the power of those 

 rays in heating it, varies with the exposure of tbe 

 Boil relatively to that luminary. The irregular 

 surface of the earth, — sunk into deep valleys in 

 some parts, and raised into table-lands and moun- 

 tains in others, with slopes at all possible unci's 

 with the general level, — presents every variety, eo 

 far as the greater or less obliquity of the sun's 



md dir 



affect c 



-aya t 



•e, and 



They condense the vapors of t 

 thus give rise to those violent rains which are so 

 often experienced in the neighborhood of lofty 

 ranges. At Bergen, in Norway, there falls annually 

 S&)j- inches of water, which is more than at any 



i Sun 



; tin- 







18, where they are arrested 



(as it were) mechanically squeezed out of them. 

 Mountains also afford shelter from tbe winds, 

 while the absence of them often exposes regions to 

 the chilling blasts of the north or the burning 

 winds of tbe south. 



Another cause winch iifledsilimateia the nature 

 of the soil. One soil acquires teat, keeps its 

 acquired beat much longer, or radiates it more 

 readily than another. All the varieties of soil, — 

 light and open, vegetable molds, gravelly and 

 rocky tracts, stiff, wet clays, and sandy plains,— 

 have, it can not be questioned, their different 

 of radiation and absorption ; and whether 











vegetation, for a like cause, greatly affects its tem- 

 perature, The differences of surface so observable 

 in various kinds of foliage,— their darker or lighter 

 colors, their more or less glossy leaves, — are all 



circumstances which affect tbe radiation of trnir 

 heat with an infinite variation. 



The degree of cvltiunlion uiul improvement at 

 which a country has arriced. — The clearing of 

 forests, the draining of swamps and marshes', the 

 cultivation of the soil, etc., are among the opera- 

 tions of man by which the climate of a country is 

 greatly modified and improved. The clearing or 

 a country from trees has the effect of raising the 

 mean annual temperature, but at the same time 

 greater extremes of beat and cold are introduced. 



winter much later in the spring than the former. 



another cause which effects its climate. In the 

 United States the wiods from the north are usually 

 noted for their coolness, a properly they derive in 

 the frozen regions of Hudson and Baffin Bays, 

 while thwse from the south, coming from tho Gulf 

 of Mexico, impart a mildness throughout the 

 whole country. The comparatively tni'd climate 

 of the British Isles is owing to the prevalence of 

 westerly winds, which are warmed by sweeping 





..If Sin 





.he temperature, which in from '■? to ;n.r n Murch. 

 •ises to 104' or 105,' whenever the wind blows from 

 be parched surface of the Llanos or great plains. 



The annual quantity of rain that falls in a 

 'i.i it ntry considerably affects its climate by impart- 

 og a greater or less degree of humidity or damp- 



■„-,,!,■ 



In 



iral, 



land 



districts, among mountains than in level regions, 

 and within the tropics than iu the other zones; 

 the great heat which prevails iu the equatorial 

 regions causes the amount of evaporation to bo 

 much greater than in higher latitudes, and hence 

 the atmosphere becomes loaded with a greater 

 quantity of moisture. 



SClje Reviewer. 



ring the union of AgrioultB 

 Awe have b«n unable to bo 



lion nod critical pc-runal IU imr 



t growing. It is apparently i 



•CM**rilj is, Id Hi. :i U -ri.Mll, 



earned 



.. „„„,„,, 



ana 



»o, k ,„, 



sEngllib 



,....,, 



SiS 



f,o»;°""l 



Ml, 



3 /E°? 



i. ; i ,:■'■' 



'm 



1'iiiiM,:, 



A 



Ml"X"'r\lTii. U l' 



. 



I'comprl^ 



by J. T. BoJee; Ek-ulinni, Entomology and Ethnol- 

 ogy, by Dr, Kocclan.l; Queen Elizabeth, History of 









England, Prinaa Eugene, by C. C. Haxewell; Episcopal 



Wtaal-^Iipk. 



frop of Ohio "iTw 



mintly dlmlu.- 



Everett, Edward Everett, by G.S UiMluid , Enrlpedea, 



llulligln ItijUld 



orne.ro; thai m less t 



■ian fifty years 



£L*E\S, 



s C pe""ero d T«UoTe 



urned that, In 





yield had increased 









K per nero duilug th< 



same period. 







wo tola Induced me 



d Investigate 



■-■"""'Mt <">}'. mlfil.t 



tbe decrease 



Peter Force, llev. Dr. Froth In glmm, IUetmrd Froth- 







are contributed by 1'rofewor TneopbUue Parsons, of 







Harvard University. 









Tho Cyplopirdla may he obtained of E- K. Hall, No. 











necessary (or Iotr 



■ 





Rochester and vicinity. 



Books Received. 



I.vdhstuy and Genh'9.— There are many teachers 

 who profess to show the nearest way to excellence, 

 and many expedients have been invented by which 

 the oil of study might be saved. But let no man 

 be seduced to idleness by specious promises. Ex- 

 cellence is never granted to man but as the reward 

 of labor. It argues, indeed, no small strength of 

 mind to persevere in habits of industry without 

 the pleasure of perceiving those advances which, 

 like the hands of a clock, whilst tbey make hourly 

 approaches to their point.yet proceed so slowly as 

 to escape observation. There is one precept, how- 

 ever, in which I shall only be opposed by the vain, 

 the ignorant and the idle. I ™ not afraid that I 

 shall repeat it too often. You must have do de- 

 talents, industry must improve them; if you have 

 hut moderate abilities, industry will supply their 

 deficiency. Nothing is denied to well-directed 

 labor; nothing is to be obtained without it.— 

 BOwted, 



CITY LIFE n. COUNTRY LIFE. 



Ms. Editobi-I have long desired to contribute 

 m Jmite towards attaining tho Young Ruralist 

 eo,umn of your valuable p. por . , Uttre been a 

 ret-ideDt of jour Olty most of mj |jf ei unt) , wjtmn 

 two or three years past. Iu f QCl> , WM Un m4 

 reared m the city. Two yeava ago I exchanged 

 the noise and bustle of your busy street* for the 

 Stillness and hcallhfulness of the country, and by 

 this time perhaps 1 am able by experience to apeak 

 rightly in regard to tbe desirableness of life in tho 

 Rural districts over that of a life in tho tow n ._ 

 True, you have advantages and privileges which 

 we arc in a great measure deprived of, Your 

 school, church, and social privileges are greater. 

 Your opportunities for knowing the current news 

 or the day in regard to events which are taking 

 place in the political, moral, and social worlds.are 

 somewhat more extensive. But, on the other 

 hand, you are not permitted to breathe the pure, 

 health-giving atmosphere by which we ore so 

 bountifully surrounded. You cannot rise in the 

 morning aud cast your eyes upon green fields, 

 waving gram, and a glorious sun-rise. You can- 

 not view the glorious works of Nature, and look 

 through tbem up to Nature's God, so freely and 

 cheerfully as we cau who are constantlysurroutid- 

 ed by tbem. Aud tbe labors of a Farmer are ao 

 varied, pleasant, and health and strength impart- 



Wn 





•■ cuisiilfriitiouM nJonc i 



bj i 



.■ (lie Farmer's 





irj day ; and 



am I to be the only one of the jounj 

 city who shall leave off looking to mercantile and 

 professional pursuits for a livelihood, aqd instead, 

 to become tillers of the soil i How strange it is, 

 since mercantile pursuits are so precarious, and 

 tho professions are so crammed full, that young 

 men will still continue to squeeze themselves into 



another one. How few succeed in acquiring wealth 

 tde pursuits. How few lawyers and 





a toe 



j their 





ng. The I 



ture (for indeed it is a science, in the most enlarged 

 sense of tho word,) offers health, wealth, and bap- 



To all who stand at the desk or behind the coun- 

 ter, suffering with headache and dyspepsia, let me 

 say, leave tbe shop or the ollice and start for the 

 country; apprentice yourself to some e;oodfarmer, 

 learn your business thoroughly aud practically, 

 and then start ou your own hook. This is tho 

 course I have taken, and I do not regret it. I am 

 healthier aud happier for the change. Instead of 



s of d 







spepsi 





mtinually.Ican 

 mjoy life aud health, and feel, talk, and act 

 nore pleasant and cheerful manner than I < 



QUESTIONS FOE DEBATE. 



Ens. Rural New-Yorker ;— As there was some 

 inquiry a few weeks ago in the Rural for ques- 

 tions to be debated in Lyceums, and having a little 

 time this rainy day, I thought I would send some 

 to you, to be inserted in your paper for the benefit 

 of the young: 



flU'cs In the Unlled 

 ate to greater excr- 



MISCELLANEOUS ENIGMA. 



RIDDLE. 



jooth and wondrous bright, 



ANSWERS TO ENIGMAS, Ac, LN No. 



wt-r to Cu«rmJc ;— Mtsa Nighi-en-giUt). 



Follow the Right. — No matter who you are, 

 what jour lot, or where you live, you cannot afford 

 to do that which is wrong. The only way toobtaiu 

 happiness and pleasure for yourself is to do the 

 right thing. You may not always hit the mark, 

 but you should nevertheless always aim for it, and 

 with every trial your skill increases. Whether you 

 are to be praised or blamed for it by others; 

 whether it will seemingly make you richer or 

 poorer, or whether no other person thau yourself 

 knows of your action, still, always and in all cases, 

 do the right U 

 will sometime 



The Dang ens op Im» or. ence.— Indolence is one 

 the vices from which those whom it once infecls 

 ; seldom reformed. Every other species of lux- 

 t operates upon some uppetito that is quickly 

 uued, uod requires some concurrence of art or 

 :ident which every place will not supply; but 

 s desire of ease acts equally at all hours, and the 

 mer it is indulged is the more increased. To do 

 thing is in every man's power; we can never 

 nt an opportunity of omitting duties. The 

 lapse ol LndoleBOfl is soft aud imperceptible, he- 

 U60 it is only a mere cession of activity; but 

 ; return to diligence is dilhcull, because it i 

 es a change fiom rest io emotion, from privation 

 reality. 



asSs 



