TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 



'PROGKESS AND IMPROVEMENT.' 



tSINGLK NO. FIVE CENTS. 



VOL. IX. NO. 30. 



ROCHESTER, N. Y. -SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 25, 1858. 



j WHOLE NO. 455. 



MOURE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 



Agricultural, Literary and Family Newspaper. 



CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 







MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES. 



Tnz seeding and manuring of meadows has 

 recentlyreceived some notice in our columns— we 

 would now torn to an equally important question— 

 oqp, perhapx, needing fuller discussion, viz:— Tbe 

 Management of Pustnres. We shall draw some 

 hints rrom Thabb'S Principles of Agriculture, too' 



authority. 



1. Pastures should be entirely free from stag- 

 nant water to be fitted to the production of good 

 grasses, and to prevent injury to the health of cat- 

 tle and sheep feeding thereon. Oh swampy ground, 

 drains should not only be provided, but they should 

 bo kept in order. However well sacb land may be 

 seeded at first, and however valuable the first crop 

 may prove, if the drains become stopped, and 

 wukr remains on the gronnd late in spring, the 

 cultivated grasses in time give way to coarser 

 herbage; water grasses, Bags and rushes takes their 

 place. This fact has come within the obaei 

 of every farmer. In many oases a few dayi 

 would go far to remedy the evil — on level 

 good system of surface draining could be provided 

 and kept open at small expense. On favorable 

 nations, nnderdrains would be far more permanent 

 and thorough In operation, and hence mi 

 nomical In the end. 



2. Pastures should not be allowed to grc 

 weeds — and yot how few there are which 

 wofally disfigured in appearance, and lessened in 

 product by these " pests of the farm" Thistles, 

 particular, multiply with great rapidity in ri 



quently the soed ripenn and takes root. They c 

 only destroy the grass, by taking its place, but 

 prevent cattle from eating it near their thorny 

 leaves. The evil Is easily remedt 

 with a loytha a few times during the flowering 

 season, they will eventually disappear — besides, 

 cattle will eit them in a withered state. Most 



do so if it la persevcringly applied, and the pasture 

 Is at tho same time encouraged, by seeding and 

 manure, in the production of the grasses. 



3. Occasional attention to spreading tho manure 

 dropped by the cattle and horses at rest, will, in 

 moat cases, prove advantageous. If the dung is 

 loft undivided, the plants it covers are at first 

 completely stifled; but the following year, strong, 

 coarse tufts of grass sboot up, which the cattle will 

 not toncu, unless compelled by hunger. If the 

 manure Is spread, on the contrary, the growth of 

 grass Is increased, and the distasteful flavor is 

 very slightly, if U all, injurious. 



4. raatnrea Bhould never be crowded with a 

 greater number of cattle than they can properly 

 support Heavy stocking onecks vogetatlon— the 

 planta have net time to attain any growth; the 

 cattle bite off thtir tops, and then tear them op by 

 the roots. The Injurious effects of this course are 

 \ try evident. F„r the , imli Bn d other reason?, 

 cattle must not be turned into pastures tl 



olent stock should be turned in to consume the 

 whole product. Then all should be turned into 

 other fields, and a few weeks' rest will give a new, 

 fresh growth to the pasture, which, under a dif- 

 ferent course of treatment, we have always found 

 spotted appearance, the grass in some 

 parts having reached mature growth, while in oth- 



s it was closely consumed. 



We have said nothing of seeding and culture, or 

 of the application of fertilizers; each of these ap- 

 propriately furnish subjects by themselves, whioh 

 have and will receive due attention in onr columns. 

 question of changing pastures, and of the 

 kinds of stock which should graze together or be 

 kept separate, remains for discussion. Will cor- 



ispondents give ns their views and experience od 



e whole subject of managing pasture lands? 



ENGLISH AGRICULTURE 



Ora European exchangee continue to bear a 

 rich freight, and we present condensations there- 

 from, upon Beveral aubjeota of general importance 



agriculturist*!, all of which are worthy of the at- 

 tention of ItintAL readers. 



Foul Seed.— The "Natural History of Crop 

 Seeds and their Weed Adulterations," has formed 



interesting subject for the editors of the Gar- 

 investigate, and the reports they 



are making exhibit, 

 necessity that exists for .far 

 cise every appliance in ordi 

 future crops from all foul 

 eleven samples of Beeds was 



i-leanie**. I 



j -Mil i 



'. ibrm 



[M,l 



pondent for inspection. These contained speci- 

 mens of natural and artificial grasses, and consist- 

 ed of the following varieties:— White Clover, Red 

 Clover, Cow-grass Clover, Rib-gross — Plantogo 

 lanceolatu, Italian Bye-grow, Cocksfoot, Smooth- 

 stalked Meadow Grass, Crested Dogstatl Grass, 

 Meadow Foxtail Grass, Meadow Fescue Grass, and 

 Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. The inquiries con- 

 nected with these samples bad Immediate reference, 

 1st, To the numbers of weed present in a given 

 quantity of each. 2d, To the kinds and nature of 

 such weeds. 3d, To the weight of seeds. 4th, To 

 the weight of a given quantity of each of the grasses. 



To the solution of the first of these inquiries 

 now purpose to direct attention, and this is c 

 cisely presented in the following analysis: 





Upon the array of figures presented, the < 

 de very truthfully remarks:— "The first esi 

 n our list may well astonish o 









, but i 





equally injurious to a 

 " a Dumber of cab 

 it fully used, 



In the year, or kept t 

 5. On the other bo 

 pasture to be grazed 

 tie or other ■took. The pasture, is 

 we lose in tho return it might give; it t, £ to lu 

 poforiBhed by the neglect. The herb» ge shoots 

 up luxuriantly, and some grasses cattle refuse after 

 they attain full growth. These kinds consequently 

 increase aod strengthen, while tbe finer kinds of 

 herbage, closely consumed by stock, and crowded 

 by the strongerpluuts.aeoreaje and disappear. In 

 permanent pastures lossea 

 from this cause than any other. And from those 

 which stand for a few years only, the full benefit is 

 not derived, antes* they are fed Ol! with proper 

 amount of nock, in due season. Clover especially, 

 needs some cart- in this respect. It should attain a 

 fine start in spring before feeding, and then soffi. 



' presence de- 

 quantity of the crop. One hu'idifi 

 .mid weeds to a pint of Clover seed, 

 This, allowing 13 pounda to the acre, would give 

 square yard of ground a quantity more than 

 cient to crop the soil; and if we consider that 

 ers are at best a slow and shy growing plant, 

 that the weeds wo bave detected in this par- 

 ticular sample come to perfection so rapidly as not 

 nnfrequently to produce two crops of seed in the 

 year, we need scarcely wonder that the land shoutd 

 so often be pronounced as ' Clover sick;' for while 

 there is no denying tbe condition to which this 

 designation has been given, yet oar recent obser 

 vatlons have led ns to conclude that in cases ol 

 well prepared land in good condition for a Clovei 

 crop, sown weeds, to say nothing of those previ 

 ously in the soil from seeding on tho land as tbt 

 result of dirty farming, bave been tbe causa ol 

 Mian; and if this be so, it is just as important thai 

 the farmer should look to purity of seed as to sort 

 as whatever kind be employs the admixture ol 

 weeds must deteriorate in fat more ways than have 



Again, taking the Grasses proper, it will hi 

 that seeds of these, though only mixed with those 

 of a different species, are still deteriorated, for pur 

 ting aside the subject of quantity, the weight of 

 one teed is many times that of another, whilst the 

 growing properties of one kind are much greater 

 than those of another; and the old adage of ill 

 weeda grow apace,' is nowhere better illustrated 

 than in Grasses, for all bad and worthless Grasses 

 grow much faster than those of a better descrip- 

 Uon; and here the evil becomes the greater the 

 poorer the soil, as here the worthless samples grow 

 so fast SB to entirely smother the sickly blades of 

 those that are better, ao that we may gather from 

 this that for * Beeds' we should not merely aow 

 Grasses, but Grasses of a particular kind." 



1 am Brarjrrjfo— J. J- Macat, in answer 

 to certain Inquiries relative to the quantity of seed 

 from which the beat returns may be expected, 



wrlteB thus:— '■ F 



fteeu 



years of experience are 



worth something 



!aS. 



all events, ought to be of 

 uantity of seed sown regu- 



late the quantity 



i gra 



n in be produced 7 Most 



decidedly not. j 





be l^aerquan- 



tity of seed sown 







cause it Implies a 





iil cultivated soil, having 







plant :o tiller. It would 



be absurd to lay 





n arbitrary rule of qnan- 



tity for all e 



; but we may t 



these general rules as a safe guidi 



That the quantity of seed mutt be diminished in 

 proportion as the natural or artificial fertility of 

 the soil is increased. 

 That in such soils tbe sowing of wo much seed 

 ■oduces a rank and close vegetation, prematurely 

 developed, laid early, apt to be mildewed, and ruin- 

 ously unproductive In quality and quantity. 



The ( 



i oft 



f seed dropped 



bunches grown froi 

 from the drill, or accumulated by mice. 



That time Is gained or early harvesting is pro- 

 moted by two causes — a highly manured, drained, 

 and fertile soil, or by a large quantity ol seed. In 

 the latter case premitotic ie attained at a sacrifice 

 of quantity. If 1 were asked whether I would how 

 thick to produce an eaily harvest, or whether 1 

 I sow thin aod earlier, to produce the same 

 result, I would most decidedly prefer the latWr 

 mode." In these remarks Mr. 1L assumes that 

 everybody drills or dibbles the seed. 



ExniniTioK of tbe Rotai, Ac Society — The 

 late Show of the Royal Agricultural 

 Chester, was one of ihe beBt ever had, and the re- 

 ceipts tbe largest since tbe formation of tbe 

 Sooiety. The Dumber of visiters exceeded 70,000 

 At the public dinner, tbe l'reafdent stated that the 

 Society had expended upwards of $750,000 in tbe 

 promotion of agricultural n^rovementduringtne 

 last twenty years. 



Cattle- Bkst APArrtD to Dairt Pobtobso— 

 Chester being the great Dairy County of the King- 

 dom, offered a local prize of $*S0, for cattle best 

 adapted to Dairy Purees. " It is a matter of im- 

 portance," say the English papers, "to see whether 

 breeds or crosses, profitable as feeders, can be gooi 

 milkers — or whether we must, for dairy purposes 

 develop the udder and milk vein at the tacririee o 

 fattening properties. The answer to the quostioi 

 is, that tbe Short-boms, and some good ones toe 

 have come in for most of tbe prizes." 



IIlhd [slash Gosno in Ekci.akd. — A sample of 

 this Guano, offered for 

 alyzed by Prof, Voblckkp, Chemist of the Royal 

 Agricultural Sooiety, and he reporls thatitapp 

 to be an artificial compound, made up of more I 

 half its bulk of Piaster of Paris, aud containing lets 

 than one-half per cent of ammonia. This almost 

 equals some of the artificial fertilizers "got up' 

 on "Uncle Sam's" dominions. 



Steam Plowing.— According to Ittll't Widely 

 Messenger, Mr. Lkm. StiiTii, of Woolston, in Bed 

 fordshire, has, for three years, cultivated his farm 

 entirely by steam power, and so great has been his 

 success, that within a few months twenty persons 

 in different parts of the kingdom have purchased 

 complete eets of his apparatus. 



•■^... 



SAYRE'S PATENT HOR 



"Saybb's Patent Horse-Hoe and Double- Adjust- 

 able Mold-Board Plow, Combined," was Invented 



about one year ago — has been thoroughly tested by 

 many farmers and nurserymen, and highly com- 

 mended. The above illustration, and following de- 

 scription by tbe patentee, will give onr readers a 

 very good idea of its construction and mode of 

 operation: 



"For Hoeing, Hilling and Weeding, it baa no 

 equal; the Point and Mold-Boaids being made of 

 the best of Steel, tempered and polished, makes 

 them durable and free from tbe trouble of clog 

 glng in heavy soil, which is a serious objection to 

 cast iron. As it runs upon Wheels at both ends, it 

 draws easy, and can be set to uny desirable depth. 

 It cin be closed to any width without changing the 

 angle of the Mold-Boards, as they lire regnlnt"" * 

 an Adjustable Arm. By changing tbe Mold Bi 

 A and R, to opposite sides, the angle is rev 

 taking ihe earth from the plants or trees and t 



; to the centre of tbe row; this, when the 

 plants are email, is considered a very Breat im- 

 provement. By closing tbe frame, using a shorter 

 cross-bar, (C.) and moving the front tooth back 

 and A and B forward, yoo bave a Double Mold- 

 Board Steel Plow, as the curveB of A and B aro tbe 

 same as front tooth, making a perfect joint. This 

 Implement is peculiarly adapted to turning the soil 

 from the trees for Manuring and Hilling In the fall 

 It has been thoronghly tested by some of the firat- 

 clasa nurserymen and farmers in and about Roch- 

 ester, and other parts of tbe country, and all that 

 have given it a fair and impartial trial, or have 

 seen it work, arrive at tbe same conclusion — that 

 it is a great Labor Saving Machine; simple In Its 

 construction, durable, of easy adjustment, and not 

 Hahle to get out of order." 



This implement is manufactured by Sayrb * 

 Remington, Utico, N. Y , who offer State, County 

 and Town rights for sale. 



lions, 10° Beoume, treated as above, and 

 Temp. Su'-ii'i , 8., cloudy. — Weather 



changing, cut end gronnd fifty-eight feet, nin 



treated as above; also ground tho tope of all 

 above 232 feet, which produced four gallons, 

 quarts, and three half pints of juice, weigbi 



THE CHINESE SUGAR CAN" 



[Concluded from osgo 302, list No.] 



Fourth Exfuhimt.- Not. s\Ten ■ 

 N. E. clear.— Since tbe 28th of October, the weather 

 has been mild and foggy, with heavy rains; tem- 



»if.i 



j,'. mUt in'. 



and I have gained some experience; so, 

 allowing the syrup to remain from f.iur 

 days, still containing a great portion of 

 impurities, gradually undergoing 

 decomposition and depreciation, I remedy thUevil 

 to some extent, as will be seen. I also dispense 

 with the fine ivory black and the filtering, thus sim- 

 plifying the process. 



Nov. 3, Temp. 38°-50°, N. &, clear.— Cnt and 

 ground fifty eight feet of a row, one hundred canes. 

 tbe upper portions of the stalks turning yellow. 

 leaves dead and dry; ground six and Eeven of the 

 lower joints, produced ten gallons juice, weighing 



and clarified ■ 

 eggs, passed it immediately tb 

 half feet black, and boiled It t 

 standing an hour tbe crystals we 



■ low. 





perfectly 

 iQgh three and a 

 23-t- Fah; after 

 e large and sharp, 

 ig, it being boiled 



e.-Cui 



ground 



Nov. 4, Temp. 31 c -50 c , 1 

 fifty-eight feet, one hundred canes, nine and fifteen 

 sixteenths gallons. 10° Beaum>- : , rather more acid 

 than the last, clarified it fully ag above, passed it 

 through five feet black, and set it aside, as it is 

 clear and bright, nod contains no feculent matter. 



Nov. 6. Temp. 3i°-62°, 8l W. — Cut and gronnd 

 fifty-eight feet, ninety-four cane?, nine and three- 



acid than the lower joints, treated 



In the morning I found a good crop of crystals, 

 but the mass thick and viscid, added three table- 

 spoonfols clear lime water, heated it to enable me 

 to pour it into a mould; groas weight nine and a 

 hall' pounds, tare four and a bulf pounds, uet five 

 pounds. 



Nov. 7, Temp. 54°-0C°, South.— Boiled 

 of the lemuindcr uf the proceedH of ihe above 

 lower joints [one-third i f the whole having been 

 boilej on tbe 2d. as above stated) to 236° Fab., and 

 added It to thai boiled on ihe 2d; boiled the OtilW 

 half to 237' Fah., potted it at ITU- Pah., very hand- 

 comely civMnllijitd. ami very light colored. 



Nov. 8, Tamp. 60°-Ta°, B W.— Withdrew the 

 stops and set it on pots to drain. 



Nov. !>, Temp. 34 r --50 c , S. W. — The full mould 

 (fifteen pounds size) bad run one and one-eight 

 gillons molawes, or syrup; if it had been boiled a 

 little higher it would bave produced more eugar, 

 and lesi molasses. 



Nov. 14, Temp. 3Q°-42°, N. E , ice.— The whole 

 having now stood seven days, and being thoroughly 

 drained, weighed as follows: 



and we have 92S pounds 

 molasses, tna 



ing at nine pounds p?r g 



sugar, first oro] 



cent; together, 12 .7: per < 



*i7gallon»joice,wel 

 Mod, 16,616 pound*, 



;ent, molasses, 7.11 



This sugar la perfectly dry, it worked perfectly, 

 and without the slightest difficulty, at every stage. 



Nov. 17, Temp. 3l ? -49°, N. W.— Boiled ail the 

 molasseB from the above (except the two lbs. from 

 the tops, which was too poor for recrystallization) 

 23.25 lbs.; added clear lime water until it marked 

 35° Beanme when boiling; took off a thick, gluti- 

 nous scum, and boiled it down to 213^' Fah. In 

 two houra it produced a copious crop of very good 

 crystal* Allowed it to ^tand till morning, when it 

 was quite aolid. 



Dec. 18. Temp. 3o c -G2 ; , 8- F»— Here an onfortu- 

 nate accident occurred. Having placed the crys- 

 tal mass over a slow fire, to render it fluid enough 

 to cast into a mould, 1 was called oil to a case of 

 illness, leaving it over the fire, and being detained 

 much longer than I anticipated, on returning I 

 found all the grain melted and the molasses boil- 

 ing vehemently, and bad!" burned. Much dis- 

 couroged, I however proceeded. It crystallized 

 the second time, and was put into a. mould. 



-Weighed tho sugar from the 23.25 

 pounds of molasses boiled od tbe 17th of Novem- 

 ber, as follows, viz: 



Then we have, as the whole final result of a 

 icrc of canes, 



_ " _., ,..,,. i 121.86 ll»; molasses, per 



Say Miner. I" r aL ' ' , ,.,,,- JJ a „ 



:iiorjs; nig'"". l ,ec cea, '< i -' 1 ' 1 ' " K -" ul " 



n H cent, 5.1T; sugar nnd molasses, 12.72 per 



C< 7 will repeat hero, that, owing to tbe accident 



before Mated, this sugar, 2d returns. Is tot nearly of 



awA quality as it otherwise would have been. 



I E-\f! 



periment was intended to bave 

 been on a considerably larger scale than those pre- 

 vious. Each daj'e work was, however, kept dls- 

 tinct and separate from the others, thus enabling 

 me to determine it at any point. 



Having thus proceeded to, and finished the olarl- 

 flcation of tbe 4th parcel, (Nov. nth.) and the wea- 

 ther becoming and continuing very warm, (tba 

 as high aa74°.) I observed a very aud- 



-;■ ^ '" w , " : ; i . ,.,,",,., :-,-•: 



