TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.) 



'PROGKESS AND IMl'K.jvKMKM'." 



-UMiI.E NO. FIVE CENTS. 



YOL. IX. NO. 4G. 



ROCHESTER, N. Y. -SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 13, 1858. 



i WHOLE NO. iU. 



MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 



Agricultural, Literary and Family newspaper. 



CONDUCTED BIT D. D. T. MOORE, 







ftal gOT-gflfcg. 



■'iMINH.TIRAL ('LCDS, LECTURES, fee, 



As the Leotnro Seuon has again arrived, or ia 

 rapidly approaching, wo desire to ofl 

 Veatiocs to Haralieta as to tbe importance and 

 wanner of securing Addreases, Leotnn 

 cusslone, before Agricultural Societies, Clubs, Ac, 

 during the Winter. 



Farmers and their families have more, lejanTO 

 during Winter than any other claatln this coud- 

 try, and If ihla were properly occupied great 

 progress mlRbt be made In mental Improvement, 

 and in acquiring useful knowledge* in Western 

 New York, and many other lections, the groat 

 mass of onr readers can avail ih" 



i.i n'i Hitaated 



: ibfj 





lecture-, diHCii**tr>n*, .\c, on practical aud scien- 

 tlQo snbjecU. The groat trouble la that Ituralista 

 tlo not do tnough of thrir cirri thinking, talking, and 

 writing— but leave such things to their ministers, 

 teachers and editors. They should think, talk and 

 write moro Tor themselves, aud in behalf of their 

 own Interests— and, next to early education and 

 training, the best way to quality themselves to do 

 this, is to practice these arts, for each is an art, 

 Individually and collectively, at every opportunity, 

 and especially during tbe long evenings and 

 leisure days of the season of Nature's hibernation. 

 In almost every school district there are men who 

 possess sufficient mind and talent to take the lead 

 in delivering brief lectures, writing essays and 

 discussing useful questions; all that is lacking is 

 necessary energy to perfect an organization 



and niaku I 



Thu ■ 



made by voluntary effort, and one, two or three 

 persons can secure this, Id almost any locality, by 

 proper and timely action. 



Farmers live too much within themselves 

 times, and are prone to imitate Nature, by going 

 into a torpid or hibernating atato during winter, 

 Instead of employing it as a season of mental, 

 moral and social improvement for themselves and 

 their families. Rural friends and brethren, you 

 know what we aver is too true, and that 

 things to which we might allude 



, (ion 



iifiti i 



Bat i 



< he as they t 



;d we will not partfculariz 

 3t Is to direct jour a'ieutio 

 olated effort, and tbe means . 

 a greatest benefits, I 





in ih,.- 



larger tbe audience the greater the difficulty,) pre- 

 eluding the great mass of spectator- from de 

 Wing either pleasure or instruction from tbe 

 discussion of any subject, however important. It 

 rtainly complimentary to the speaker at a 

 to have an audience of from tire to ten 

 and — as we have bad on some ocoasions— but 

 If he has no*, the voice and longs to talk to over 

 one or two thousand In the open air, the great 

 majority can only ate him go through 

 which is simply an aggravation. Now, while we 

 would not entirely condemn the practice of having 

 addresses at Fairs— for they are no doubt promi- 

 nent attractions In many instances, and therefore 

 beneficial to the Societies pecuniarily— we submit 

 whether it would not be better to reserve the ad- 

 dress, or have another, at the Annual meeting, 

 which la usually held in Winter, and to secure a 

 commodious bailor other huildfng where an au- 

 dience could comfortably hear nod comprehend the 

 subject dUcossed. This course has been adopted 

 successfully by several Town Ag. Associations in 

 Western New York, and we think is worthy the 

 attention of County Societies also, both here and 

 in other States. 



— In our opinion every Town Ag. Society or 

 Farmers' Clnb, should bold meetings as often as 

 once a month during the winter, (and if fortnightly 

 or weekly the better,) for lectures, discussions, 

 &fc, — and many County Associations conld do so 

 advantageously. There is homt talent enough gene- 

 cure foreign aid of the right stamp. 



very neigh- 

 borhood where it Is foaal hie— and we trust that in- 

 elude* nearly every locali'y within the large circle 

 <'f our parish of resderr>. The [Inn i- not only prac- 

 tical in Western New York, Canada, the Western 

 Suits, New England and tbe South — but we think 

 onr friends la California, Oregon, New Mexico. 

 Washington Territory, Ac., may get together a few 

 kindred spirits, form ■ Rural Clob or Lyceum, and 

 derive decided n«ncflt therefrom. It will pay far 

 better than lounging tu0 „| corner or village stores 

 ■ at home smoking and 

 nothing of any value to 



be addicted 



I thlngi I 





ear this a 



■ p.r- 





FARMERS' OUT-BUILDINGS. 



As suggested last week, we continue our re- 

 marks in answer to those who seek information 

 -■i'i j-'iT.; this 

 ]_■!? ikih'h on rariui'iii'Out-BnUdings. 

 An Out-Door Cellar. 



It is unwise to store a large qnnn'.ity ql 

 vegetables io the cellar of the firm-house, even 

 if It Is of sufficient capacity. But not one cellar 

 in a thousand fa Urge enough to bold the products 

 of the farm that require storing in a cellar. As 

 we devote moie attention to the economical feed- 

 ing and fattening of stock, the necessity of good 

 root-cellars will be more sensibly felt. Carrots 

 and parsnips, beets, turnip?, cabbage, pumpkins, 

 all require cellar-room. Most of these may he 

 burled, bat then they are not always accessible 

 when wanted, and when a pit ia opened a cellar is 

 theu required for storing until they arc fed o 

 To tbe question asked, whether a farmer w 

 raises roots end feeds them in part to all bid sic 

 can got aloDg without a root cellar, we answer t' 

 be ran get along without one, though not w 

 He would find the money and labor expended 

 making a cellar tbe best investment he has Dt 

 for many a year. 



A sandy hillside is the very best place 

 making a cellar, as in this situation good drftlni 

 is secured and easy access. There is, however, 

 diOiulty in making a cellar In any place where the 

 water will not lie within four or five feet of the 

 surface. Dig dewn as far as drainage will allow, 

 throwing the earth back, to be used In banking 

 op. If stone is plenty, they are best for tbe walls. 

 If sot plank and posts will answer. A strong 

 ridge-pole is necessary, which may he supported 

 posts. Tlank the roof, and bank np the sides 

 wii!i earth. Cover the roof with straw or lenvei 

 ver whkb plica boards or earth to keep It I 

 lace. Perhaps some of our readers who hav 

 ood outdoor cellars will give us, in detail, th 

 tanner of construction. If nut, before long w 

 'ill describe one mado in this vicinity Hire 

 years ago, and which has been proof ageloj 

 tbe severe frosts of tbe last three winters, an 

 every way convenient and useful. 

 A Farmers' Ice-House, 



Ici has long been a luxury enjoyed ly the 

 residents of villages and cities, tui; > | 

 ft has become almost a necessity even to ti 

 dwellers in the country, who are compelled I 

 provide the necessary means lor saving it over tl 

 summer. Tbe farmer must erect his own Ic 

 house, and though this is a very simple matte 

 somo little knowledge li 



i *cm.Aet! 



above remark for their special 



A few pertinent words Io this connection to the 

 officer* tod active members of Agricultural Bo- 

 cletlea— Town, District and County— already or- 

 ganised and In operation. According to onr 

 observation and experience, which has not been 

 very limited, the Annna] Fair Is not the be it Urns 

 and place to either deliver or properly listen to 

 . b*id an address calculated to Instruct 

 and benefit agriculturists. It is not Qofreqaesily 

 the ease on such occasions that the addrtM must 

 be delWartd, If at aJJ, at a lime or iu a position, 

 when and where It cannot be heard and appre- 

 ciated— the exaumcat and ■ noise and confusion " 

 of the sarroundlDg exhibition, or the difficulty of 

 hearing the speaker in the opea 



lay ' 



light : 





cheaply learned. That there la considerable 

 for information ou this subject. Just now, we 

 abundant evidence in the inquiries lui'mc o 

 as this is the time when such lnformuth 

 needed, we offer no apology for occupying a 

 space In our colnmns with this matter. 



lump and beet are the two great agei 

 thawing, and the tint endeavor must Ire to coun- 

 teract these by every means In our power. Far 

 the Bret ventilation la necessary, and for the latter 

 the tsoit nou conducting material available must 

 be used for the house. Tbe old plan of boiUUBg 

 Ice-hontea under ground waa bad, as it was almost 

 Impossible to secure good drainage and sadden! 

 dampnees which is sure to 



icl ii 



,■ readily to other bodie 



i -„, 



1 air. 



ground, 



on a gravelly subsoil, where good neural drain- 

 age can be had, so that taftJJltEE that forma as tbe 

 ice me In will pass ull freely. The best mitonel 

 is wood, though brick Is good enough where It 

 can be obtained more readily tu.au wood. The 

 walls should be made douols, by hoarding both on 

 the outside and inside of the frame limners. The 

 space between the inside aud outside boards 

 should be tilled with soma uon conducting ma- 

 terial. Charcoal dost is an excellent non-con- 

 ductor; dry tan-bark, or stv-daat, will do very 

 well, and if neither of faese cud bs prooured, 

 straw will answer a very good purpose. Where 

 the natural drainage is sot first-rate, drains must 

 be dug and filled up with stones. If left open, the 

 cold air will paw through i.iemvery freely, aud iu 

 placo bo supplied by warm air from above. Ice 

 keeps best lu large masses, and for i ■< < 

 In a large body there is rnven les3 surface exposed 

 In proportion to the whole. Melting ice iihaoit'a 

 and renders latent a large iniouut of beat, so that 

 tbe thawing of a part helps preserve that which 

 remains. Those who have built Ice-houses that 

 failed to famish a supply nil the summer, will find 

 that by simply enlarging tno house, say one-third, 

 tbe additional : be preserved, 



unless there Is some radical defect in iu construe 

 tion, of which they can judge on reading the 

 principles we have presented. A house twelve 

 feet each way on the ground, aud eight or ten feet 

 high, is large enough for any family, and 



t. jq ,1 



lull ;■, 



would recommend any liqp > build, as the cost and 

 trouble is bat little more Dim for a house just 

 large enough, au<i Mi" <'; 



Where the drainaue ' • , 

 necessary, and we think thoy »ic not i: i i an 

 of onr lare ice-honsep, though in most oases It 

 would be beBt to lay down a loose floor a few 

 Inches from the surface of the ground. If a 

 quantity of brush was Bret laid down and ovored 

 with srraw, and the floor'pnt over this, it would 

 make the work complete. If a board floor is not 

 used there should he at leBit a foot or eighteen, 

 inches of straw, bat a few inches on the boards 

 will be sufficient. The ice made in the early part 

 of the winter, and that which has been subjected 

 to no change from freezing to thawing, is the best. 

 It should be sawed out in square cakes as uniform 

 In size and thickness as possible. All snow, and 

 ice formed from half melted unow, should be re- 

 jected, as it will not keep. Alter one lajer is pnt 

 down, the crevices should be lilled with pounded 

 ice, and this should be continued until the home 

 fa lilted, when the whole will freeze into a solid 

 mass. A few Inches of straw should be placed be- 

 tween the walls of tbe house aud tbe Ice, and this 

 should be done white the house Is being titled. 

 Theu cover the whole with a foot or so of straw, 

 and tbe work is done. An opening must he made 

 In the roof for ventilation. 



Au apartment em be made ia the ice-bouse for 

 storing meat, butler, Ac, during the warm season, 

 and this will b; found no small convenience to 

 farmers. For tbe sake of the family, who often 

 have to procure Ice when no men are around, the 

 Icehouso should he as near tbe residence as 

 posainle. It may be made of rough boards, and 

 will cost bat very little except the labor, or a little 



; 



CR'll 1' oF SFANISH MKRINo I I 



i. Camfubll, of Vermont. These animals ai 

 he old Spanish sto< ;, Intro CM. £ 



sis and Hon. Wii. Jin vis. Mr. Uaupgili. i 





erolei 



>glv. 



CHEESE AND CHEESE -MAKING. 



Dciiixo the present volume of tbe Rural we 

 have given publicity to several queries, relative to 

 the manufacture of cheese, together with the re- 

 sponses these inquiries called forth from dairy- 

 men, and as there seems to be a denire exhibited 

 by many for all the light obtainable on the subject, 

 we condense tbe following from the report of the 

 "Examining Committee" appointed by the J .- Her- 

 eon Co. ag. Society. Toe "platform" of the Com- 

 mittee ia thus laid down:— 'Hind firm, smooth, im- 

 pervious; texture compac, like butter, and salted 



The in 

 longed t 



l dairy visited — and voted ' 



:. has thirty 



wooden vat; tike* off the cream and does not re 

 turn It; setsa'.sr'; cuts the curd line with a curd 

 knife; separate* whey by dipping tliroogh a linen 

 strainer; scalds iby potting heated water between 

 the vats) gradually to 106° for one and a halt 

 hoars; amount of salt used la live ounces to too 

 pounds Of curd: puta iu prmcold; presses twenty- 

 four hour*; bandage* often eight or nine hours; 

 applies to surface, in curing, weak lyes aooo tftsjj 

 removing from the pre*s; the second day after np 

 plications of lye, nets a little grease and robs once 



The •aooBd d«iry reported is that of SntpoEH 

 Hoboes, Waterloo. Mr. H. gives his wmoAu oper- 

 an4tb.ua:— Has fifty cows: seta night's milk io a 

 zinc vat; efclma In morning aud strains the cream 



I UP 



i hour; separates the whey vi 

 es common salt, one-half oun 



[ us to bring him many urn 



dan of Oct, 



21.) that he boa just sblppod twenty Ave mm. to 



- fourth sole, lotto eame 



■ 



actual experience, a knowledge of the meaning o 



hom i; bandages 

 iet preserved in 

 stone jars In pickle; turns cheese once a day and 

 nibs thoroughly. The average product of each 

 cow the present season was 223 pounds. Last 

 year made seven aud one-half tuna of cheese 

 from twenty-nine rennetB. 



H. C» NoiiMAnnKK, italliind, gives the process 

 pursued iu his dairy u I illowsr— Has forty cows; 

 sixty ucrea-of meadow, each seeded with timothy 

 and clover; feeds no roots or grain; usual yield 

 450 pounds per cow, 'JsQ thus far this season; 

 night's milk set ia tin vat, cream not returned; 

 uses no thermometer; aftur cheese has come ee as 

 to cut smooth, curd ia broken with wire cutter; 

 when it settles the whey h drawn off with tin 

 'ui by beating the whey aud returning 

 it; salt, fonr OnjQOei to ten pounds curd; press 

 twenty-fourhouis: bandage at twkrVe hours; whey 

 fed to hogi; rennet i* dried, pocked in salt — i.her 

 wanted tor use is snaked in a pickle of ealt, cinna 



line naxtvisltad D. RCidbs, Famelia 

 and aaceitjined that Mr. ti. keeps thirty-one cows 

 fifty-five acres in pisture, timothy and White clover 

 forty acres meadow, timothy; feeds grain in spring 

 average for the present teason 100 pounds pel 



i the c 



nlk: 





ae hour at 110°; 

 ;i i in ten pounds curd; bandages al 

 twelve hours; average weight of cheese eighty fl« 

 pounds; colors rind with annate, feed 

 hogs; Boil clay loam. Mr. GOBS keeps a "Dafr> 

 Account" and rinds therefrom that the average in 



[oat J 





dairyman in Famelln, D. C. Edoy, re- 

 ports twenty-six cows; pasture and meadow, tho 

 usual kinds of grass; strain milk in tub at night; 

 return cream with morning's milk; set and scald 

 by guees; press twenty-four hours as hard as poisi 

 hie: bondage v, ken toe cheese la turned; ooloi the 



rind with annalto; turn once a day and rub tho- 

 roughly wiib the hand; made this season per cow 

 I'M annuls: whey fed to bogs. 



Our readers wilt notice that, while the labor em- 

 ployed iu the process oT manufacture is very simi- 

 lar, there are essential points of difference In the 

 amount of some of tho materials used, the mode 

 of feeding, and product per cow. Salt ranges from 

 one half ounce for three pounds to a like amount 

 forone pound. Onodalrymsu feed*iieiiher "rout* 

 nor grain" with a yield, at tbe date of report, of 

 r r cow; naother R''cs grain in the 

 ■ i Ond* I retom, st same date, of <00 lbs. 

 to each anlma'. Why this d-flerence— except 



that in the fori 







to their raodea o 

 ier and wiAr — shelter provided- 

 -snd encipher matters as may 



plain, and we would 

 it the gentlemen re- 

 f feeding sum.- 

 -breed of cows 

 prove of value 





-ion 





ewlioi 



lot is oast upon a porous soil allurding perfect 

 natural drainage. They have seen their winter 

 grain aod clover destroyed by the freezing and 

 heaving out to which «}] heavy soils are moro or 

 lesa liable, and observation has tanght them why 

 and how It Is so. Tbe caash and process baa been 

 concisely explained ae follows:— The soil is pul- 

 verized only ns deep aa the vlow runs— somo six. 

 or eight inches. Below this lb a stratum of oley 

 or hard pan, nearly impervious to water. The 

 surface soil becomes saturated, likv a sponge, by 

 the autumn ralnB or melting toovn of iprlng. 

 When the ground is suddenly frozen, the water 

 contained in It crystallizes into ice, tuo so*l la 

 thrown up into spicules or honey combs; and t^o 

 poor clover mots or wheat plants are throwL. 

 from their beds; and, by a few repetitious of tho 

 , .i. id upon the field in the spring. 

 The root of the evil Is a teuuratid soil. Full of 

 water, the frost exerts u tremendous lining or ex- 

 pansive power upon It, adequate t 



rooks, and totally 

 of grain or grass. If 



fact! may be— 





slender roots 

 i subsoil is Impervious to 

 men little what the sur- 

 ;n sandy land heave crops 

 it In all cares the upper 

 rater, and the under soil 

 | . < •-.(.'.■'. 



stratum was filled with 

 too compact to allow It 



The remedy is to remove, by drainage, the 

 of saturation. Thorough draining wah tile does 

 this most perfectly, but surface draining can aid 

 considerably ia the work of prevention. Any pro- 

 cess keeping t£e soil porous, no that all surplus 



a off, will prevent win 



moisture readily pi 

 of grain and clover. 



Thorough drainage II I : 

 applying it to his clayey farm, Mr. J 

 Seneca Co., says. — "Heretofore mac 

 wheat were lost on the upland by 

 none would grow 



idy. After 



land. AW, tiers u 

 Many instances of like 

 character could be brought to show tho effect of 

 draining in this respect. Oar readers have had 

 such repeatedly brought before them. 



Throwing the land Into narrow bedswhen plow- 

 ing has long been practiced on level clay lands, 

 when sown to wheat, to some degree prevents 

 winter killing. We would commend the prac- 

 tice where tile-draining Is too costly, or other- 

 wise Inexpedient. In all coses the dead-farrows 

 should I* cleared out and kept clean, with good 

 outlet, aad sufficient to cany off ail the water they 



Many farmers have been looking favorably to- 

 ward the culture of winter barley. They should 

 remember, however, that It is more easily affected 

 by freezing out than wheat or clover, the roots be- 

 ing naturally of a shorter habit and having lesa 

 hold upon tho soil. Those who have sown this 

 crop should give attention now to this aspect of 

 case, and remove, as far as practicable, all 

 chance for water remaining on or near the sur- 



