Niagara Falls 



1894 Spencer, Joseph William Winthrop. Age of Niagara Falls. 



Spencer (Am. geol., August, 1 894. 14:135-136.) 



The first five lines of this article state that it is " written simply as a 

 protest against anyone forming a conclusion as to my work on the history 

 of the Great Lakes, or forming judgments of the history of the lakes them- 

 selves, upon the strength of Mr. Upham's citations (Am. geol., July. 

 1894) from my writings." 



Spencer, Joseph William Winthrop. Niagara Falls as a chro- 

 nometer of geological time. (Proc. Royal Soc. of London. March 6, 

 1894. 56:145-148.) [Abstract.] 



1. Conjectures as to the age of Niagara Falls. 



2. Modern topography. 



3. Geology of the district. 



4. Ancient topography. 



5. Basement of the river. 



6. Discharge of the Niagara river. 



7. Modern recession of the Falls. 



8. Sketch of the lake history and the nativity of Niagara river. 



9. Laws of erosion. 



10 & 11. Episodes of the river and the amount of recession in each. 

 1 2. Relations between the terrestrial or epeirogenic movements and 

 the Falls. 



1 3. The relation of Niagara Falls to geological time. 

 14. The end of the Falls. 



7000-8000 years hence. 



Spencer, Joseph William Winthrop. Review of the history of 

 the great lakes. (Am. geol., Nov., 1894. 14:289-301.) 



On page 298 of this article is a " History of the Niagara River and 

 Changes of the Outlets of the Lakes." 



586 



