Science, Geology and Physics 



The Great Lakes and Niagara. (Geog. jour. (Lond.), Feb., 1896 

 1896. 7:204-205.) 



A review of Spencer's contributions in the 1 1 th Report of the Commis- 

 sioners of the New York State Reservation at Niagara. 



Herbertson, Andrew J. The history of the great lakes and 1896 



Niagara. (Knowl., Oct. 1 , 1 896. 19:223-224.) Herbertson 



A resume in popular style of Spencer's " The Duration of Niagara 

 Falls and the History of the Great Lakes." 



Herbertson, Andrew J. The history of the Great Lakes and 

 Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup.. Nov. 7, 1896. 42:17398.) 

 Quoted from Knowledge. 



Spencer, Joseph William Winthrop. Niagara as a time-piece. i 896 



(Pop. sci. mo., May, 1896. 49:1-19.) Spencer 



The subjects considered are: The age of the Falls; the modern and 

 ancient features of the district; the whirlpool and its ravine; the ancient 

 and buried Tonawanda river; the recession of the Falls; the story of the 

 lakes and the birth of Niagara; the fluctuations in the volume and descent 

 of the river; the various episodes in the history of the river; the death of 

 the Falls; the relation of the Falls to the ice age; how the Falls may be 

 used to ascertain the antiquity of man. 



Upham, Warren. Origin and age of the Laurentian lakes and of 1896 

 Niagara Falls. (Am. geol., Sept., 1 896. 18:169-177.) Upham 



Pages 1 74-1 76 deal with the Beginning of the Niagara river and 

 its erosion of the gorge below the Falls; the hypothesis of the Nipissing 

 outlet from Lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior; the duration of Niagara 

 Falls and the post-glacial period. 



1897 



GILBERT, Grove Karl. Recent earth movement in the great lakes 1897 

 region. Extract from the 1 8th annual report of the United States geo- Gilbert 

 logical survey. 1896—97. Pt. 2. (Ann. rep'ts of the com'rs of the 

 state reserv. at Niagara. 1899. 15:69-138.) 



In this paper Mr. Gilbert discusses the stability of the Laurentian lakes, 

 using the surfaces of the lakes as datum levels or planes of reference. He 

 comes to the conclusion that the plain of the whole lake region is being 

 canted bodily toward the south-southwest and that consequently the waters 

 of each lake are gradually rising on the southern and western shores or 



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