Yol. 50.] FAUNA FROM THE IGHTHAM FISSURE. 199 



so characteristic of this species. The fourth tooth is only slightly 

 worn. There can be little doubt that these teeth all belonged to 

 one animal, and were most probably united by the jaw wheu first 

 unearthed ; they are in too perfect a condition to allow of the 

 suggestion that they have been derived from an older deposit, all 

 the edges being as sharp as when the animal was alive. The shaft 

 of a large and gnawed humerus and part of a much denuded atlas 

 vertebra most likely belong to this species. Rhinoceros antiqaitatis 

 is only known from Pleistocene and Cave deposits ; but in these 

 it has been found at many localities in England, Europe, and 

 Siberia. 



Gervus elaphus. (Red Deer.) — Part of a scapula agreeing in 

 form with that of a red deer, but bigger than the specimen with 

 which it has been compared, is referred to this species, which it is 

 well known attained to a large size in Pleistocene times. This 

 scapula is not so large as that of C. giganteus, and the spine does 

 not approach so near the glenoid cavity ; in size it agrees with that 

 of a small ox, but is not of the same form. A piece of lower jaw 

 with two milk-teeth in place is likewise referable to this species. 

 The red deer occurs in the Forest Bed and in Caves and Pleistocene 

 river-deposits ; it is now living not only in Britain and the temperate 

 regions of Europe, but also in a large part of Siberia. 



Rangifer(=Cervus)tarandus. (Reindeer.) PI. XL fig. 16. — A 

 portion of a right mandibular ramus, with two milk-teeth in place, 

 agrees so precisely, as regards the size and pattern of the teeth, with 

 the lower jaw of a reindeer of similar age in the British Museum, as to 

 leave no doubt regarding their specific identity. The articular half of 

 a scapula, showing tooth-marks of a small carnivor, gives additional 

 definite evidence of the same species. On comparing the scapula 

 of a reindeer with those of the red and fallow deer, it will be 

 noticed that the reindeer differs from both the latter in having the 

 spine descending nearer to the glenoid cavity, a smaller coracoid 

 process, and the prescapula wider, so that it forms a more distinct 

 ledge. The general effect of these differences is to give a less con- 

 stricted appearance to the region a little above the glenoid cavity. 

 Two pieces of femora, although a little smaller than those of the 

 reindeer in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, may 

 perhaps belong to this species. The reindeer, which is very common 

 in Caves and Pleistocene river-deposits, was still living in the North 

 of Scotland at the beginning of the 12th century. It is now 

 restricted to the far north in Europe, Asia, and America, its southern 

 limit following very nearly the isothermal line of 32° Fahrenheit, 

 and consequently it is found farther south in America than in the 

 Old World. 



Capreolus caprea. (Roedeer.) — A gnawed femur, two metatarsal 

 bones, and possibly a toe-bone, are all the parts of this species yet 

 found. The roedeer has been met with in the Forest Bed, also 

 in Caves and Pleistocene river-deposits ; it now occurs over all 



