846 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



Qruarttncnta : 



Mammal 



W. T. HORNADAY. 



Aquarium 



C. H. TOWNSEND. 



Raymond C. Osburn. 



Reptile 

 Raymond L. Ditmars. 



Bird 

 C. William Beebe. 

 Lee S. Crandall. 



Published Bi-Monthly at the Office of the Society, 



11 Wall Street, New York City. 



Single Numbers, 10 Cents ; Yearly, by Mail, 7U Cents. 



MAILED FREE TO MEMBERS. 



Copyright, 1912, by the New York Zoological Society. 



Each author is responsible for the scientific accuracy 

 and the proof reading of his contribution. 



Elwin R. Sanborn, Editor. 



Numhei; 50 



.MARCH, 1918 



Ollrii nu of til P &acUttf. 



Jlrriiloritl : 

 HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. 



Exrriittur fflammtttrr: 



MADISON GRANT, Chairman, 



PERCY R. PYNE, WILLIAM WHITE N1LES, 



SAMUEL THORNE, WM. PIERSON HAMILTON, 



LEVI P. MORTON, FRANK K. STURGIS, 



HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Ex-Officio. 



(Krnrral QPffirrra : 



Secretary 



MADISON GRANT, 11 Wall Street. 



Treasurer 



PERCY R. PYNE, 30 Pine Street. 



Director 



WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Zoolocical Park. 



Director of the Aquarium 

 CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Battery Park. 



Vnarb of JHanaurra : 



Ex-Officio 



The MAYOR of the City of New York 



The PRESIDENT of the Department of Parks 



OJIaua of 1913. 



F. AUCUSTUS SCHERMERHORN, 



Percy R. Pyne, 

 George B. Grinnell, 

 George C. Clark, 

 Cleveland H. Dodce, 

 C. Ledyard Blair, 



Frederick G. Bourne, 

 W. Austin Wadsworth, 

 Emerson McMillin, 

 Anthony R. Kuser, 

 Watson B. Dickerman, 

 Mortimer L. Schiff. 



OJlaaB of 1914. 



Henry Fairfield Osborn, James J. Hill, 



William C. Church, George F Baker, 



Lispenard Stewart, Grant B. Schley, 



H. CASIMIR DE RHAM, Wm. PlFRSON HAMILTON, 



HUCH D. AUCH1NCLOSS, ROBERT S. BREWSTER, 



Charles F. Dieterich, Edward S. Harkness. 



Levi P. Morton, 

 Andrew Carnegie, 

 John L. Cadwalader, 

 Madison Grant, 

 William White Niles, 

 Samuel Thorne, 



CCIaau of 1915. 



Henry A. C. Taylor, 

 Hugh J. Chisholm, 

 FranB K. Sturgis, 

 George J. Gould, 

 Ogden Mills, 

 Lewis Rutherfurd Morris- 



OOffirrru of thr Zoological JlarU . 

 W. T. Hornaday, Director. 

 H. R. Mitchell w. Reid Blair 



Raymond L. Ditmars H. W. Merkel 



C. William Beebe Elwin R. Sanborn 



e. S. Crandall O. M. Beerbower 



(Btricrru of thr Aquarium 

 Charles H. Townsend, Director. 

 Raymond C. Osburn, Assistant Director 

 W. I. DeNyse Robert Sutcliffe 



a sufficient amount of light or they will not grow, 

 as they are able to manufacture their food only 

 in the presence of sunlight. For reasons stated 

 elsewhere the north window affords the best 

 light for the aquarium. If the plants grow too 

 luxuriantly they can readily be trimmed. Some 

 aquarists prefer to trim off all the parts that 

 come to the surface, thus keeping the plants 

 entirely submerged. There is no doubt that 

 such a method affords the maximum of aeration, 

 since the more the plants are submerged, the 

 less is the opportunity afforded for the escape of 

 oxygen at the surface. 



However, many persons prefer the appear- 

 ance of some plants floating at the surface, and 

 there can be no objection to this so long as 

 there is a sufficient amount submerged. Per- 

 haps the most picturesque, and therefore the 

 most satisfactory, results for the average person 

 are obtained by providing at least two kinds of 

 plants, one like the arrow-head or pond-weed 

 with broad leaves which are allowed to float at 

 the surface, and the other with finely divided 

 leaves (milfoil, fan wort, etc.) kept submerged 

 by trimming. The little duckweed (Lemna sp.) 

 which floats entirely at the surface with its tiny 

 roots hanging straight down in the water for a 

 short distance, makes an attractive addition. 



The plants available for aquarium purposes 

 are entirely too numerous to mention here. 

 There are many native species, some of which 

 can be secured in nearly every pond and stream. 

 They are generally annuals and do not live in- 

 definitely, and the most satisfactory ones are 

 those handled by the dealers, since these are 

 cultivated especially for the purpose. These for 

 the most part have been introduced from the 

 tropics where they flourish perennially. 



STOCKING THE AQUARIUM. 



The experienced aquarist will naturally know 

 what he wishes and how to secure it. The 

 beginner, in his first efforts to keep an aquarium, 

 should start as simply as possible with only the 

 commoner and hardier fishes and wait until he 

 has proved successful with these before attempt- 

 ing to handle rare or expensive stock. Carps 

 and the ordinary goldfishes known as commons 

 are undoubtedly the best for the beginner within 

 easy reach of a dealer. The highly bred, fancy 

 varieties of goldfishes are less hardy and the 

 same is generally true of the exotic fishes, how- 

 ever attractive they may be. Almost any of the 

 native fishes may be kept easily and will prove 

 interesting and attractive. 



Catfishes are perhaps the most hardy, but the 

 various suckers and minnows, as well as young 

 sunfishes, basses, etc., can readily be kept. 



