324 



Notices respecting New Books. 



author's general formula for an acid (H. r R,,0~) can scarcely be 

 adapted to the non-oxygenized, binary, or hydrogen acids ; for it 

 renders necessary the qualification that " 0~ may range from 0." 

 The basicity of acids is clearly explained by appropriate instances, 

 such as the following, drawn from the monobasic, bibasic, and tri- 

 basic acid of phosphorus : — 



H 3 P0 2 



H 3p 3 



H 3 P0 4 



KH 2 P0 2 



K 2 HP0 3 KH 2 P0 3 

 K 3 P0 4 K 2 HP0 4 KH 2 P0 4 



Hypophosphorous~1 acids 

 Phosphorous > and 



Phosphoric J salts. 



As instances of derived acids, we have Na 2 C0 3 and Na 2 CS 3 , 

 (oxy) carbonate and sulphocarbonate of sodium: K 3 PO 4 and K 3 P0 3 S, 

 (oxy)phosphate and sulphoxyphosphate of potassium. The relation 

 of anhydrides to acids is shown by the following scheme : — 



Acids. Anhydrides. 



Periodic 2H IO 4 - H 2 = I 2 O 7 



Sulphuric .... H 2 SO 4 - H 2 = S O 3 



Phosphoric . . 2 H 3 PO 4 - 3 H 2 O = P 2 O 5 



Silicic H 4 Si0 4 -2H 2 = Si0 2 



' A class of curious bodies, the true relations of which have not 

 been generally discerned, find suitable places in some of the series 

 given in the present volume. Among these substances the aldehydes 

 are most conspicuous. They are usually found as chlorine-substi- 

 tution products of the normal aldehydes, and bear the same rela- 

 tions to their respective oxacids as common aldehyde bears to acetic 

 acid. In the following Table, the connexion between certain chlor- 

 aldehydes and their acids is traced : — 



Chlor-aldehyds. Acids. 



Nitric CI NO 2 + H 2 = HC1 + H NO 3 f(HO) NO 2 



Sulphuric .. CI 2 SO 2 +2H 2 = 2HC1 + H 2 S0 4 or< (HO) 2 SO 2 

 Phosphoric. Cl 3 PO +3K 2 = 3HC1 + H 3 P0 4 \_(HO) 3 PO 



" It is observable that the conversion of normal aldehyds into 

 acids by oxidation may be represented as an exchange of hydrogen 

 H, for peroxide of hydrogen HO, analogous to the above-illustrated 

 exchange of chlorine for peroxide of hydrogen." 



The following illustrations of the four primary types put their 

 relations into a very clear light : — 



Prot-equivalent 



Bi-equivalent 



Ter-equivalent 



Tetr-equivalent 



radicles. 



radicles. 



radicles. 



radicles. 



HCi-H=cr 









Chlorine. 









H 2 0-H=HO' 



H 2 0-H 2 =0" 







Eurhyzene. 



Oxygen. 







H 3 N-H=H 2 N' 



H 3 N-H 2 =HN" 



H 3 N-H 3 =N'" 





Amidogen. 



Imidogen. 



Nitrogen. 





H 4 N-H=H 3 C 



H 4 C-H 2 =H 2 C" 



H 4 C-H 3 =HC" 



H 4 C-H 4 =C"" 



Methyl. 



Methylene. 



Formyl. 



Carbon. 



