_ - ' ond. their Dericcr 211 



The compounds resulting front the paraffins through the 

 substitution, for one proportion of hydrogen in the paraffin, of 

 one proportion of hydroxyl (that is, of oxygen half-saturated 

 by hydrogen) constitute the paraffin alcohols, hydrates, or car- 

 binols. CH-n^-OH. Unlike the paraffins, the alcohols are 

 readily susceptible of oxidation, and. according to their several 

 natures, are found to undergo oxidation in three different 

 fashions. Treated with oxidizing agents, the alcohols of one 

 description first lose two proportions of hydrogen. B^. to 

 furnish a compound of well-characterized properties known 



10 aldehyde. — this aldehyde then acquiring one proportion 

 of oxygen. 0. to furnish an acid, and this acid further under- 

 going a disruptive oxidation only. Alcohols of this descrip- 

 tion, or alcohols proper, are found to result from the replace- 

 ment of the hydrogen of a methyl residue of the original pa- 

 raffin bv hvdroxvl. and are known therefore as primarv alco- 

 hols :— 

 I - t I T-rl-aleokoL Batyr-aldelivd. Bntvric acid. 



,-. r c h s H ,-. f c h,.oh rr ,-'- r c ho tt - i : : h : 



'-(l : H.: Hst \C 2 H a H;( -\C ; H ; H:L \C : Hr 



Isobutvl-alcohoL Isobutvr-aldr-:- 1 Iszbiitvrie acid. 



r ch s Rr f ch : .oh „ .. f oh : Hr \ c c h : 



■'-■.. -h ;: Hc t(CB^ H '-\ :z ;; H ^-. CH ;; 



Alcohols of another description, when treated with the same 

 oxidizing agents, first lose two proportions of hydrogen. K. 

 to furnish a compound of well-characterized properties known 

 as a ketone, this ketone further undergoing a disrur::-f ni- 

 dation only. Alcohols of Has iescription are found to result 

 from the replacement of the hydrogen of a methylene residue 

 of the original paraffin by hydroxyl. and belong therefore to 

 -_t :':^ of secondary or pseudo-alcohols. 



ParairrL P s f v. "t:::^ 



H,c{g| ho.hc{;;:| 5 cre{g§ : . 



Alcohols of yet a third description, when treated with the 

 same oxidizing igeaods, yield neither the succession of aldehyd 

 and acid nor yet a ketone, but suffer a disruptive oxidation 

 onlv. Alcohols of this description, in some respects allied tc 

 the* phenols. are found to result from the replacement of the 

 hvdroo-en of a formyl residue of the original paraffin by hv- 

 droxvl, and are known, the: : . I fe& tertiary alcohols : — 



Paraffin. HC C H : Tertiary alcohol, EM : Z f ... 

 The onlv svstem of nomenclature for the alcohols at present 

 much in use is that devised bv Kolbe. The basis of this sys- 



Q2 



