264 ON THE OCCtTBEENCE OP THE GENUS 



which have given the name to the race that furnished the artists by 

 whom they were wrought, all tend to suggest very different associa- 

 tions with the pipe of those ancient centuries from such as now 

 pertain to its familiar descendant. It has accordingly been supposed 

 that the elaborate employment of the imitative arts on the pipe- 

 heads found deposited in the mounds, indicate their having played an 

 important part in the religious solemnities of the ancient race, among 

 whom the number of such relics proves that the practice of 

 smoking was no less universal than among the modern Indians. 

 The conjecture that this practice was more or less interwoven with 

 the primitive civil and religious observances of America is thus illus- 

 trated by the authors already quoted,* from the more modern cus- 

 toms and ideas connected with it : " the use of tobacco was known 

 to nearly all the American nations, and the pipe was their grand 

 diplomatist. In making war and in concluding peace it performed an 

 important; part. Their deliberations, domestic as well as public, 

 were conducted under its influences , and no treaty was ever made 

 unsignalized by the passage of the calumet. The transfer of the 

 pipe from the lips of one individual to those of another was the 

 token of amity and friendship, a gage of honor with the chivalry of 

 the forest which was seldom violated- In their religious ceremonies, 

 it was also introduced with various degrees af solemnity. The cus- 

 tom extended to Mexico, where, however, it does not seem to have 

 been invested with any of those singular conventionalities observed 

 in the higher latitudes. It prevailed in South America and the 

 Caribbean Islands." 



To be continued. 



ON THE OCCURRENCE OE THE GENES CRYPTOCERAS 

 IN SILURIAN ROOKS. 



BY E. J. CHAPMAN, 



PROCESSOR OV MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, TORONTO. 



Read before the Canadian Institute, 18th April, 1857. 



But one living genus of the chamber-shelled cephalopods being 

 known, the classification of the numerous fossil types met with more 

 particularly in the Palaeozoic and Secondary rocks, is of necessity 



* Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Page 229. 



