CHAP. CV. C'ORYLA^CE/E. QUE'RCUS. 1821 



and found their necks full of troublesome tumours ; whilst he himself suffered 

 for several days from having handled them. In these respects, they are very 

 similar to the celebrated Pityoc&mpa of the ancients, and which is the cater- 

 pillar of another species of this genus, which feeds upon the fir. *Pcecilo- 

 campa populi, *Hypogymna dispar (the gipsy moth), *PsiIura monacha 

 (the black arches), *Dasychira fascelina (the dark tussock), *Psyche fusca, 

 and f Limacodes Jestudo. Amongst the Lithosiidcc, *Callimorpha miniate, 

 *Lithosia complana (the common footman), *L. quadra (the four-spotted 

 footman), *Gnophria rubricollis. 



Amongst the Nocticidce, * Semiophora gothica, f Orthosis instabilis, *0. 

 gracilis, *0. munda, *G. criida, *0. stabilis, *Glae v a satcllitia, fAmphipyra 

 pyramidea, f Xylina rhizolitha, *X. petrificata, *Miselia aprilina (the beau- 

 tiful marvel du jour moth), -f Pdlia seladonia, *Apatela aceris, f Diphthera 

 Orion, *D. ludifica (British ?) fCeropacha diluta, fC. ridens, f Cymatophora 

 O x o, *C6smia trapezina, -{-Xanthia croceago, and -j-X. rufina, f Catephia 

 leucomelas, *Catocala fraxini (the great blue under-wing moth, similar to 

 C. elocata, p. 1484. fig. 1293., but 4 in. in expanse, and having the ground 

 of the under wings blue instead of red), f Catocala pacta, +■ C. sponsa, 

 and f C. promissa, three very beautiful, but small, species of this genus, with 

 the ground colour of the under wings scarlet), and *Brepha notha. 



Amongst the Geometridce are, f Anisopteryx leucophearia, *Hybernia capreo- 

 laria and *H. defoliaria (which are occasionally very destructive in oak copses), 

 * Phigalia pilosaria, * Bistow prodromarius (the great oak beauty), * B. betu- 

 larius (the peppered moth), * Himera pennaria, * Crocalis elinguaria, several 

 species of thorn moths (several of which are figured in all their states, and 

 in a most admirable manner, by M. Lyonnet, in his Posthumous Memoirs, 

 recently published), including "f Geometra quercinaria, f G. quercaria, + G. 

 angularia, *G. illunaria, * G. illustraria, &c. ; fCleom bajularia, Cleora cinc- 

 taria. (See Mag. Nat. Hist., v. p. 265.) * A'lcis roboraria, A'lcw consonaria, 

 and A. consortaria {Lyonnet Mem. Posth., pi. 29. f. 20 — 27.), f E^hyra 

 punctaria, * Eurymene dolabraria. Amongst the Platyptcricidce, Yyralidce, 

 Tortricidce, Ti?ieidce, and other remaining lepidopterous families, composed 

 of insects of small size, a vast number of species are oak feeders, including 

 *Drepana falcataria, fD. hamula, *Pechipogon barbalis, *Hylophila prasinana 

 (Reaumur Mem., torn. ii. pi. 39. f. 13, 14.), * H. quercana, -f-Lozotae v nia robo- 

 rana, f Pseudotomia atromargana, *Roxana arcuana, f Phibalocera quercana, 

 f Phycita roborella, Adela Geerella (Lyonnet Mem. Posth., pi. 19. f. 17 — 25.; 

 Tinea sequella (Id., pi. 19. f. 26.), the cocoon of which is an exceedingly 

 interesting geometrical construction, described in detail by Lyonnet. 



Amongst the Leaf-feeding Species, the majority are external feeders, neither 

 concealing themselves in cases, nor rolling themselves up in leaves ; but some, 

 especially amongst the smaller species, do not agree with these in their habits, 

 and adopt various methods of defence, which render an examination of the 

 different inhabitants of this tree an object of the greatest interest. Of these 

 some roll up several leaves into a ball of considerable size ( Reaum. Mem., torn. i. 

 pi. 15. f. 3., and pi. 32. f. 4, 5.), which latter represents the habitations of 

 the scarlet under-wing moths above mentioned ; others, again, construct their 

 boat-shaped cocoons of strips of oak leaves (Ibid., pi. 38. fig. 7.) ; others, 

 again, roll up the leaves in various directions (as T'ortrix viridana, above men- 

 tioned, p. 1818.; Reaum., torn, ii.-pl. 13, 14, 15, 16.); others feed upon the 

 parenchyma of the leaf, raising, as it were, large circular blisters, the upper 

 and under surfaces of the leaf remaining unconsumed. (Reaum., torn. iii. pi. 3.) 

 Some form tortuous labyrinths within the leaf, similar to those of the rose- 

 leaf miners ; and some live in little cases of leaves, or silk, which they carry 

 about with them. (Reaum., torn. iii. pi. 7.) 



Amongst the Coleopterous Insects, the common cockchafer (AStaraba^us 

 iWelolontha Lin.,M< elolontha vulgaris Fab., fig. 1648. a), is the most obnoxious 

 of the leaf-eating species. The egg of this terrible devastator is white, and is 

 deposited in the ground, where it soon changes into a soft whitish grub with 



