CHAP. CV. COItYLA\;EiE. QUE'RCUS. 1927 



which are close together and almost obtuse; green above, and downy beneath. The acorns arc 

 pedunculated, and half-enclosed in a smooth cup. The bark is cracked, but not corky. It is a native 

 of Spain ; and, according to Bosc, there is a plant at Trianon, raised from seed brought from Gib- 

 raltar by M. Richard in L754. 



Q. Brossa Bosc Mim. sur let Chines, p. 31!).; Chene Brosse at Nantes ; Chene nain Bonamij bears 

 so great an analogy to Q. pyrenaica (see P- 184S.), that, according to Bosc, it may possibly be only a 

 variety of that species : the leaves are, however, smaller and less velvety; the divisions are larger, wider 

 apart, and more obtuse ; and the margins are less frequently denticulated. The leaves are cordit'orm, 

 and slightly unequal at the base. The acorns (which Hose had only seen when young) are borne five 

 or six together on a long peduncle : the scales of their cups are broad and long. Uosc found this oak 

 in great abundance between Pcrigueux and Bordeaux. I)e (andolle found it near Mons, Angers, 

 and Nantes, where it was known by the name of (bene Brosse. It grows in the most arid soil, where 

 it is a low shrub, and appears to be the same that Bonami called the chene nain. In good soil it 

 grows much larger, and, Bosc observes, has probably been confounded with a variety of Q. sessiliflbra, 

 and Q, apenmna, under the name of chene a trochets. 



O. vim&niUis Bosc Mem. sur les Chimes, p. 316. ; Chene Saule, Chene Osier, Chene de Haie, Fr. 

 (see p. 1737.1 ; is found in the departments in the east of France. It is common on the Jura, and*on 

 the mountains of the Vosges. It seldom grows higher than fi ft. or 8 ft., with a grey bark ; leaves 

 resembling those of Q. pedunculata, but much smaller, of a brighter green, and always very smooth. 

 The fruit is sessile, and the nut is deeply buried in the cup. The wood is white, and so pliant, that it 

 is extremely difficult to break it. Excellent hedges are made of this species in the countries where it 

 is indigenous, because it produces its shoots constantly from the collar, and, consequently, forms a very 

 thick mass of branches, which cross each other, and often form natural grafts. When these hedges 

 are cut down, the larger pieces of the wood are used for fuel, and the smaller shoots made into baskets, 

 which are of very great duration. The stools throw up strong, straight, flexible shoots, 5 ft. or 6 ft. 

 in length, which are excellent for all the purposes of wickerwork. According to Bosc, this species 

 does not change its nature by transplanting ; as a tree at Versailles has exactly the same aspect which 

 those have which grow between Langres and Dijon, where, he says, the species is well known to the 

 inhabitants as being quite distinct. So desirable a kind ought certainly to be introduced into Britain ; 

 and plants may, doubtless, be obtained from Dijon, or from Messrs. Audibert, at Tarascon. 



O. dspera Bosc Mem. sur les Chenes, p. 328. ; le Chene apre, Fr. ; has the leaves petioled, cori- 

 aceous, of a medium size, elongated irregularly, but not deeply lobed ; the lobes broad, pointed, and 

 mucronated. The upper surface of the leaf is studded with small tubercles, beset with stiff bristle- 

 like hairs, disposed in stars, which are very rough to the touch ; the under surface is downy. This 

 species does not attain any great height. Bosc states that this oak stands the open air in the neigh- 

 bourhood of Paris ; from which circumstance it may possibly not belong to Q. /'lex, which requires 

 protection there during winter. 



Chene Lexermien Bosc Mem. sur les Chenes, p. 328., is nearly allied to the preceding kind ; but 

 the leaves are sessile, oval, and simply, though broadly, dentated : they are mucronated and rough 

 above, and downy beneath. Bosc does not mention any Latin name to this oak, but states that he 

 gave its French name in honour of the director of the nursery in which it grew. He adds, " I have 

 received a specimen of this species under the name of chene Turner ; but, as I have stated before, 

 I think that name belongs to the chene de Gibraltar (Q. Pseudo-Suber)." Like the preceding sort, the 

 chene Lezermien is said to be hardy in the neighbourhood of Paris. 



Chene Caslillan Bosc Mem. sur les Chenes, p. 32 1 -*., has the leaves oval, pointed, slightly to- 

 mentose beneath, with unequal teeth, each terminated by a sharp turned up point. The acorns 

 are borne three or four together on short peduncles. Bosc found this oak in great abundance in 

 Spain, on the sandy mountains of Old Castile. He observes that it has been probably confounded 

 with Q. aspera and the chene Lezermien, to which it is very nearly allied ; and adds, " I have 

 never seen specimens of it more than 10 ft. or 12 ft. high. Its wood appears to be very hard. Its 

 acorns are eaten both raw and cooked, as are those of the two above-named kinds. Their taste is very 

 inferior to that of the chestnut; but it is not disagreeable. The consumption of these acorns in Spain 

 is considerable, if I may judge from the quantities of them that I saw in the market at Burgos, when 

 I passed through that town. This oak grows in the poorest soils." From the above description, it 

 appears to us not improbable that the chene Castillan may be the Q. gramuntia L. 



Q. lusitdnica Lamb. Diet, 1. p. 719., Willd., No. 32., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 162., Smith in Rees's 

 Cycl., No. 39. ; Q. valentina Cav. Ic., 2. p. 25. t. 129., and our fig. 1817. ; fibbur 4., Clust. Hist., p. 18., 

 and flobur 5. p. 19. ; Galla, sive /rfobur majus Ger. 

 Emac., 1348., and G. minor Ger. Emac., p. 1349. ; the 

 Portuguese Gall Oak ; Chene du Portugal, Fr. ; has 

 the leaves elliptical, with deep pointed serratures; 

 downy beneath. Fruit racemose. Calyx hemi- 

 spherical. Nut oblong. {Willd.) A shrub, or low 

 tree, somewhat resembling Q. infectdria ; a native of 

 Portugal, said to have been introduced into England 

 in 1824. Lamarck says that this species consists of 

 several varieties, all very low shrubs, subject to bear 

 galls ; their branches copious and slender ; their 

 leaves small, intermediate in form between the ever- 

 green and the ordinary oaks of Europe. Willdenow 

 describes the leaves as 1 in. long, oblong, obtuse, and 

 rigid ; their serratures somewhat pointed; the upper 

 surface polished and smooth ; the under hoary with 

 slender, starry, crowded hairs. Footstalks short. Fruit racemose, or, rather, on a sort of spike. 

 Willdenow adds that the figure of Cavanilles scarcely answers to the plant in question ; and, indeed, 

 that author describes his species as a tree taller than Q. /'lex, with deciduous leaves, and large 

 solitary acorns. {See fig. 1817., reduced from the figure of Cavanilles, and which shows a gall on one 

 of the leaves.) Bosc says that this species is cultivated in the Pepiniere du Roule, where it was a 

 shrub from 5 ft. to 6 ft. in height, and retained its leaves till the end of winter. It flowered freely, 

 but did not produce any fruit, and could only be propagated by inarching. Capt. Cook, as we have 

 seen p. 1906. thinks this species the Q. Ballbta of Valencia, and the same as the Q. Ballbta of 

 which he saw plants some years ago at Messrs. Malcolm's. 



^ O. prdsina Pers. Syn., 2. p. 568., N. Du Ham., 7. p. 161. t. 44. f. 1., and our fig. 1818 ; Q. glauca 

 Bosc Mem. sur les Chenes, p. 26. ; has the leaves persistent, oval-oblong, dentated, and rather spiny ; 

 very smooth, and glaucous; acorns on peduncles. This oak docs not attain a great height; but, 

 according to the Nouveau Du Hamel, it partakes more of the character of a tree than of a shrub. 

 From a specimen in the Jardin des Plantcs, it appears that the full-grown tree would probably be 

 about 15 ft. or2u ft. high, with numerous, slender, spreading branches, perfectly smooth. The leaves 



