Notice of Active and Extinct Volcanos. 293 



It is one of the most recent, though still probably of a very re- 

 mote period. Carabignar is another, but this probably may have 

 been noticed by others. Kolah, I imagine, has not hitherto been 

 observed. I shall have something to say of Afium Karahissar. 

 The neighborhood of Konie, and still more of Kaisarie, is over- 

 spread with fragments of lava, some of it almost in the state of 

 scoria?. The quantity of lava in the district of Erzerum is im- 

 mense, and the whole country about Mount Ararat is volcanic. 

 The eruptions in these places seem to be of great antiquity." 



Caucasus exhibits rocks containing glassy felspar, and 

 Mount Ararat presents extensive volcanic remains, but al- 

 though there are rumors of eruptions, there is no account 

 that can perhaps be distinctly relied upon. 



Between the Caspian and the Black Sea, there are volca- 

 nic appearances, pumice, glassy felspar, &c. in this portion 

 of the range of Caucasus. It would seem that the following 

 statement respecting an occurrence in the island of Azof, 

 countenances the idea of volcanic action there. 



" The account is, that on the 10th of May in that year, a 

 frightful noise washeard in the sea, round a distance of two hun- 

 dred toises. Flames rose from the water, accompanied by explo- 

 sions as loud as those of a cannon. A thick smoke was blown 

 about by the violence of the wind, and enormous masses of earth 

 were seen thrown up in the air, together with large stones. 



" Ten eruptions of this kind took place at intervals of a quar- 

 ter of an hour. Similar phenomena continued during the night. 

 There then rose out of the sea an island, which threw out from 

 several apertures a muddy substance, that acquired by degrees 

 some consistency. 



" During this time, a remarkable smell, which had nothing of 

 a sulphureous nature, was perceived over a space of ten wersts. 

 On the 20th of April, a nearer examination of the island was un- 

 dertaken, and it was found almost inaccessible, being surrounded 

 on all sides with hardened mud. When they had at last succee- 

 ded in reaching the interior of the island, its height above the 

 level of the sea was found to be a toiscand a half, and its surface 

 was seen to be every where covered with a stony material of a 

 whitish color." 



" In the chain of Elbur's which bounds the Caspian Sea 

 on the south, there occurs a lofty mountain called Dervavend, 

 which has long been noted as a volcano :" it exhibits lava 

 and columnar basalt, and sometimes emits smoke ; sulphur is 

 found in small craters near its base, and the Persian fables 



