CINCH ONACEiE. 379 



Pacific coast of South America, also some inferior kinds from Maracaibo. 

 Some likewise reaches this country by way of Europe. 



As regards the classification of barks, numerous plans have been devised ; 

 some founded on the botanical arrangement of the species from which they 

 are supposed to be derived ; some on their chemical composition, as those of 

 Gcebel and Geiger; others on their physical characters, which, in the present 

 state of our knowledge, is by far the best; such are that of Bergen (Ver- 

 such einer Monog. der China, 1826), of Guibourt (Hist. Abreg. des Drog. 

 Simp. 1826), that of Lindley (Flor. Med. 1838), and that of Pereira (Elem. 

 Mat. Med. 18438) ; this latter, which is adopted by Royle, is a good one ; but 

 as it does not agree in the names of the species with those of the preceding 

 monograph, that of Lindley is preferred ; this is : 



a. Pale Barks. 



Crown or Loxa, C. condaminea. 



Gray, or Silver, or Huanaco, C. micrantha. 



Ash or Jaen, Unknown. 



White Loxa, Unknown. 



b. Yellow Barks. 



Yellow, C. lanceolata ; also, 



C. hirsuta and C. nitida. 

 Calisaya, C. lanceolata? 



Carthagena, C. cordifolia? 



Cusco, Unknown. 



c. Red Barks. 



Red Bark of Lima, Unknown. 



Cinchona nova, C. magnifolia. 



d. Brown Barks. 



Huamalies, C. purpurea. 



The divisions adopted by the different colleges and pharmacopoeias into 

 Pale, Yellow, and Red barks, is sufficient for general practical purposes, 

 though they are faulty in their assignments of these to certain species. I 

 shall not enter into an account of the various physical characters of these 

 barks, further than to say that the Pale barks are almost always quilled, 

 somewhat fibrous, with a more astringent than bitter taste ; their powder is of 

 a grayish-fawn colour, and they contain much Cinckonia and little Quinia. 

 The Yellow barks, of which the best is the Calisaya, are either in quills or flat 

 pieces, more or less fibrous, are less astringent, but more bitter than the Pale 

 barks; the powder is of a yellow-orange colour, and they contain much 

 Quinia and little Cinchonia. The Red barks are in quilled, but oftener in 

 flat pieces, much thicker than the other kinds, and coarsely fibrous; the 

 powder is of a reddish-brown colour ; the taste is very bitter, with a little 

 aroma ; they contain both Quinia and Cinchonia. 



The Cinchonas have often been analyzed, and with various results ; but it 

 may be stated, from the more recent examinations of them, that besides the 

 usual constituents of barks, as Woody fibre, Starch, Gum, Fatty, and Colour- 

 ing matters, &c, they contain several peculiar principles, as a Volatile oil of a 

 thick consistence, acrid taste, and having the odour of the bark ; an Insolu- 

 ble red colouring matter, or Red cinchonic, agreeing in its properties with 

 Catechine ; two alkaloids, Quinia and Cinchonia, in combination with a 

 peculiar acid, called the kinic / and in one kind of bark, the Cusco, Pelletier 

 has discovered a third, which he denominates Aricina ; a fourth has also 

 been announced, Chinoidina, but it is doubtful whether it is really distinct. 



