CHAP. IV. PLAN OF DESCRIPTION AND HISTOPtY. 227 



and also cooperage, locksmithry, turnery, mathematical instrument- 

 making, trunk-making, &c. 



B. The Manufacture of Machinery, Instruments, Implements, and Utensils, 

 comprehends the making of mills, machines, carnages, implements of hus- 

 bandry, gates, fences, ladders, pumps, water-pipes, gun-stocks, spade- 

 handles, and an almost innumerable number of similar articles. 



C. The Arts of Fabrication are, weaving, rope-making, mat-making, &c. 



D. The Chemical Arts include tanning, dyeing, colouring, the expression of 

 oils, the extraction of sugar, the distillation of pyroligneous acid, of 

 ardent spirits, the fermentation of wine, beer, &c. 



E. The Arts of Domestic Economy include the preparation of wood for fuel, 

 basket-making, and toy-making; the preparation of walking-sticks, fishing- 

 rods, and other articles used in games, sports, pastimes, recreations, &c-, 

 and of chests, desks, and coffins. 



F. The Arts of Rural Economy comprehend the use of trees and shrubs, in a 

 living state, in agriculture, gardening, and planting ; and, also, their use in 

 producing leaves, or stems, to serve as food for domestic animals, fruit for 

 food or drink for man, wood for fencing, draining, &c. 



0. Medicine. Various parts of trees enter into the materia medica of the 

 medical corporations ; while others are used only in empirical practice : 

 both uses will be noticed in a succinct manner. 



II. The Use of Trees by the Priests of particidar Religions, and the ancient 

 uses of some of them as charms, &c, as of the oak and the mistletoe by 

 the Druids, the rowan tree by the believers in witches, &c., will be slightly 

 noticed. 



1. Poetical, Mythological, and Legendary Associations are connected with 

 various trees and shrubs ; and the ideas which these species recall may 

 be considered as a part of their use. 



K. The Picturesque and Decorative Uses of Trees will, as far as respects 

 planting them, be considered under gardening ; but, under this head, will 

 be noticed their suitableness for the landscape-painter ; the architect, for 

 architectural ornaments ; the house decorator ; the decorator of different 

 arts and manufactures, such as those of china, printed tissues, paper hang- 

 ings, &c. ; and the decorator of theatres, triumphal arches, processions, 

 &c. 

 10. Propagation. In general, all perfect plants may be propagated by all the 

 different modes of propagation known either in nature or art. All perfect 

 plants produce seeds, and may be propagated by them ; and they all pro- 

 duce buds, and, for the most part, these buds may be separated from the 

 parent plant, along with a portion of its wood, and inserted in the soil, or 

 in other plants, so as to become plants also. But, as all trees and shrubs 

 are not susceptible of being propagated by all modes with an equal degree 

 of facility, the use of treating of the propagation of individual species is, to 

 point out the methods which are considered most advantageous for each. 

 It is also particularly necessary, to indicate certain modes of propagation as 

 best adapted for certain purposes; as, for example, that of buds, or any other 

 mode of division, for the continuation of varieties, &c. 



A. Natural Propagation is effected by seeds, by side suckers or root suckers, 

 and by surface stolones or underground stolones. 



B. Artificial Propagation is effected by seeds, suckers, cuttings, layers, 

 ringing, budding, grafting, and inarching. 



a. By Seeds. Seeds are employed in artificial, as well as in natural, pro- 

 pagation. The subject embraces their ripening on the tree, their gather- 

 ing, keeping, preparation for sowing, time of sowing, soil, situation, 

 preparation, and time for transplanting. 



b. By Suckers. These are of two kinds : side suckers, which rise up 

 close to the stem of the plant, as in the case of the common lilac ; and 

 root suckers, which rise up from the roots of the plant, to whatever 

 distance these may extend, as in the case of the common plum, the 



s 3 



